Western scrub-jays anticipate future needs independently of their current motivational state
Western scrub-jays anticipate future needs independently of their current motivational state
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.063
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发表时间：
2007-05-15
期刊：
影响因子：
9.2
通讯作者：
Clayton, Nicola S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Correia, Sergio P. C.;Dickinson, Anthony;Clayton, Nicola S.
对未来进行规划一直被认为是人类独有的特征[1 - 3]。然而，近期的研究对这一假说提出了挑战，研究表明，会贮藏食物的西丛鸦（Aphelocoma californica）能够将自己作为“小偷”的过往经历与未来食物贮藏被其他鸟类盗窃的可能性联系起来[4]，在找回食物贮藏时对贮藏状态很敏感（[5]以及S. 德科特、S.P.C.C.、D. 亚历克西斯、A.D.和N.S.C.，未发表数据），并且能够为明天的早餐做计划[6]。尽管这些结果表明西丛鸦能够进行未来规划，但这些鸟类在多大程度上独立于其当前的动机状态而行动是一个有争议的问题。比绍夫 - 科勒假说[1]认为，非人类动物无法预见并针对当前未经历且未受当前动机状态提示的未来需求而行动。我们利用特定饱腹感来控制西丛鸦当前和未来的动机状态，在此通过分离当前和未来的动机状态来专门检验这一假说。我们报告称，西丛鸦通过独立于其当前动机状态和即时需求而行动，能够预见食物贮藏的找回以及自身未来的需求。这些鸟类的行为有利于未来需求而非当前需求，这一事实对这种能力为人类所独有的假说提出了挑战。
Planning for the future has been considered to be a uniquely human trait [1-3]. However, recent studies challenge this hypothesis by showing that food-caching Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) can relate their previous experience as thieves to the possibility of future cache theft by another bird [4], are sensitive to the state of their caches at recovery ([5] and S. De Kort, S.P.C.C., D. Alexis, A.D., and N.S.C., unpublished data), and can plan for tomorrow's breakfast [6]. Although these results suggest that scrub-jays are capable of future planning, the degree to which these birds act independently of their current motivational state is a matter of contention. The Bischof-Kohler hypothesis [1] holds that nonhuman animals cannot anticipate and act toward the satisfaction of a future need not currently experienced or cued by their present motivational state. Using specific satiety to control for the jays' current and future motivational states, here we specifically test this hypothesis by dissociating current and future motivational states. We report that Western scrub-jays anticipate the recovery of their caches, as well as their own future needs, by acting independently of their current motivational state and immediate needs. The fact that the birds act in favor of a future need as opposed to the current one challenges the hypothesis that this ability is unique to humans.