Prison health in Russia: The larger picture
Prison health in Russia: The larger picture
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DOI：
10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200002
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发表时间：
2005-01-01
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
McKee, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bobrik, A;Danishevski, K;McKee, M
尽管最近进行了法律的改革，俄罗斯仍然是世界上监禁率最高的国家之一。有许多关于俄罗斯监狱恶劣条件的报告，往往突出了对健康的影响，特别是艾滋病毒、结核病和其他传染病的风险。然而，没有对俄罗斯刑法系统中更广泛的健康问题进行审查。本文综述了俄罗斯监狱服刑人员的健康状况及其影响因素，通过检索俄罗斯和国际文献，包括未发表的资料来源，并对来自司法部、监狱管理部门和非政府组织的27名关键知情人进行了深入访谈。卫生部和司法部公布和未公布的数据被用来描述被监禁人口的人口特征，并将其与一般人口进行比较。虽然罪犯不成比例地来自社会弱势群体，而且被关押在恶劣的身体条件下，但各种原因造成的标准化死亡率略高于俄罗斯男性总人口的三分之一。这主要是由于外部原因造成的死亡率降低了八倍，心血管疾病造成的死亡率降低了两倍多。这远远超过了传染病死亡率的增加。在俄罗斯，年轻男子的生存机会实际上可能会因为入狱而得到改善，这突出表明有必要制定政策，降低俄罗斯社会的整体暴力水平和其他外部风险，如危险的驾驶习惯。然而，尽管俄罗斯监狱的条件正在改善，死亡率下降，但仍有许多可以避免的死亡，精神疾病和传染病的发病率很高。关于俄罗斯罪犯的健康状况，还有很多不为人知的地方，现有的情况反映了衡量的标准，而不是重要的标准。
Russia, despite recent legal reforms, still has one of the highest rates of imprisonment in the world. There are many reports of the adverse conditions in Russian prisons, often highlighting the consequences for health, in particular, risks of HIV, tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases. However, there are no reviews of the broader health issues in the Russian penal system. This paper reviews the available information on the health of the imprisoned population in Russia and the factors underlying it. It was undertaken by means of a search of Russian and international literature, including unpublished sources, supplemented by in-depth interviews with 27 key informants from the Ministry of justice, prison administration, and non-governmental organizations. Published and unpublished data from the ministries of health and justice were used to describe the demographic characteristics of the imprisoned population and compare it with the general population. Although convicts are drawn disproportionately from disadvantaged groups in society and are detained in adverse physical conditions, the standardized mortality ratio from all causes is slightly over one-third of that in the overall Russian male population. This is mainly explained by an eight-fold lower mortality from external causes and a more than two-fold lower mortality from cardiovascular disease. These far outweigh the increased mortality from infectious diseases. The chances of survival of young men in Russia may actually be improved by being in prison, highlighting the need for policies that reduce the overall level of violence and other external risks, such as dangerous driving habits, in Russian society. Yet while conditions are improving in Russian prisons, with death rates falling, there are still many avoidable deaths and high levels of mental illness and infectious disease. There is also much that is not known about the health of Russian convicts, with what is available reflecting what is measured rather than what is important.