The Pleistocene Later Stone Age south of the Limpopo River
The Pleistocene Later Stone Age south of the Limpopo River
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林波波河以南的更新世晚期石器时代
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发表时间：
1993
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
L. Wadley
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作者：
L. Wadley
南部非洲最早的晚期石器时代(LSA)工业是微石器和非标准化的，包括双极技术。这些行业的年代是有争议的，据说最早的微石业出现在边界洞穴，距今约3.9万年。到公元前1.8万年，人们建立了一种带手柄的传统，在南部非洲的许多地区，约在1.2万年前，这一传统被一种广泛而多产的非微石业所取代，其特点是有侧击的薄片。晚更新世的环境比现在更冷，在最后一次冰川盛期(LGM)，条件特别恶劣，大约在20,000到18,000 B.P.之间。由于在LGM期间考古能见度较低，在LGM之后，考古能见度进一步下降，可能已经隔离了种群。在公元13000年以后，遗址的数量急剧增加，这意味着以前几万年来无人居住的领土可能已经被广泛殖民。到晚更新世末期，在南部非洲的部分地区，狩猎模式发生了变化，从侧重于捕获大型群居食草动物，转向强调小型、孤独的浏览器。在晚更新世，社会的复杂性增加了，到公元前12000年，石器时代的人们似乎正在观察一些历史上记录在布须曼人(SAN)中的社会习俗。
The earliest Later Stone Age (LSA) industries from southern Africa are microlithic and unstandardized and include the bipolar technique. The dating of these industries is controversial and the earliest microlithic industry is said to occur at Border Cave at about 39,000 B.P. By 18,000 B.P. a bladelet tradition was established and this was replaced in many parts of southern Africa, at about 12,000 B.P., by a widespread and prolific nonmicrolithic industry, characterized by side-struck flakes. The late Pleistocene environment was colder than present, with particularly harsh conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), between about 20,000 and 18,000 B.P. Populations may have been isolated because archaeological visibility is low during the LGM and decreases further after the LGM. After 13,000 B.P. there is a dramatic increase in sites and this implies that there may have been widespread colonization of territory previously unoccupied for tens of thousands of years. By the end of the late Pleistocene there was a change in hunting patterns, in parts of southern Africa, from an emphasis on the capture of large, gregarious grazers to an emphasis on small, solitary browsers. Social complexity increased during the late Pleistocene, and by 12,000 B.P. it seems possible that Stone Age people were observing some social practices recorded historically among Bushmen (San).