Life 2.0-A CRISPR path to a sustainable planet.
Life 2.0-A CRISPR path to a sustainable planet.
复制标题
生命 2.0-通往可持续地球的 CRISPR 之路。
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2107418118
复制
发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Meyer,BarbaraJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carroll,Dana;Meyer,BarbaraJ
“生命2.0”听起来可能有点夸张——暗示着存在模式的彻底改变——但这是2019年12月在加州尔湾贝克曼中心举行的一场学术讨论会的标题。副标题是“CRISPR通往可持续地球之路的希望与挑战”，它既朴素又贴切地描述了会议的进展。这次活动由美国国家科学院赞助，由我们和费奥多尔·乌尔诺夫共同组织，吸引了来自众多学科的演讲者，他们提出了地球上生命的近期和更遥远的未来的愿景。这一期的PNAS收录了几篇基于学术讨论会的论文。在题为“从边缘看”的主题演讲中，DC回顾了基因组编辑的背景和历史，并为展望未来奠定了基础。在第一场题为“CRISPR的转化前景和挑战的紧迫性”的会议上，Michele Calos强调了超越“经典”基因治疗的精确、负担得起的人类疗法的必要性。Jonathan Weissman描述了一种强大的基于crispr的方法来追踪转移性肺癌细胞。BJM展示了模式生物的研究如何为人类生物学和疾病提供见解，有时是通过令人惊讶的联系。Peter Hotez预言了一场新的流行病的到来，包括在提供疫苗方面的政治、社会和物质挑战。如Oliver Xiaoou Dong(1)合著的论文所述，Pamela C. Ronald指出了对作物进行基因改造的迫切需要，以帮助改善气候变化的影响和对世界粮食供应的威胁。第二届讨论会的主题是“社会考虑和挑战”。Debra Matthews强调了新的复杂技术的伦理维度，并呼吁避免加剧现有的社会分化。这种监督的必要性直接关系到基因组编辑对环境的影响，正如娜塔莉·科弗勒（Natalie Kofler）所讨论的那样，也直接关系到盖茨基金会（Gates Foundation）所开展的环境和医疗项目，正如丹·瓦滕多夫（Dan Wattendorf）所讨论的那样。在他的演讲和与同事一起发表的论文中，Dietram A. Scheufele谈到了让更广泛的公众参与到关于基因组编辑应用及其影响的对话中的关键问题。许多人呼吁进行这样的对话，但却不清楚如何进行；Scheufele等人的论文提供了一个令人信服的观点(2)。接下来的两个会议探讨了动物和植物的农业基因组编辑。布鲁斯·怀特劳介绍了与牲畜疾病作斗争的成果。Luhan Yang等人的论文详细阐述了她在猪身上使用CRISPR的演讲，既可以为异种移植提供器官，也可以为人类疾病建模(3)。美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）的Heather A. Lombardi描述了他们的机构如何评估用于食品供应的牲畜的CRISPR修饰；Epstein等人的论文扩展了这一分析(4)。在动物和植物会议之间，詹妮弗·杜德纳（Jennifer Doudna）就CRISPR的起源及其应用带来的挑战和机遇进行了一次精彩的公开演讲。Zachary Lippman揭示了番茄中特定基因表达的调节是如何调节重要的农业性状的。Daniel F. Voytas描述了一种新颖的方法来解决将基因组编辑试剂输送到植物中的挑战性问题，他在与Ryan a . Nasti合著的论文中提供了对作物工程工具和前景的广泛看法(5)。在……
“Life 2.0” may sound like hyperbole—suggesting a radical change in modes of existence—but that was the title of a Colloquium held at the Beckman Center in Irvine, California, in December 2019. The subtitle,“The Promise and Challenge of a CRISPR Path to a Sustainable Planet,” was both more modest and a more apt description of the proceedings. Sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and organized by us with Fyodor Urnov, the event drew speakers from numerous disciplines who offered visions of the near and more distant future of life on Earth. Several papers based on Colloquium presentations are included in this issue of PNAS. In the keynote address,“A view from the edge,” DC reviewed the context and history of genome editing and set the stage for projecting into the future. In the first session, titled “The translational promise of CRISPR and the urgency of the challenge,” Michele Calos highlighted the need for precise, affordable human therapies that go beyond “classical” gene therapy. Jonathan Weissman described a powerful, CRISPR-based approach to tracking metastatic lung cancer cells. BJM showed how studies in model organisms can provide insights into human biology and disease, sometimes through surprising connections. Peter Hotez prophetically envisioned the arrival of a new epidemic, including the political, social, and physical challenges in delivering vaccines. Pamela C. Ronald addressed the particularly urgent need for genetic modifications in crops to help ameliorate the impact of climate change and the threats to world food supplies, as described in the accompanying paper coauthored by Oliver Xiaoou Dong (1). The second session of the Colloquium addressed “Societal considerations and challenges.” Debra Matthews highlighted ethical dimensions of new, complex technologies and called for avoiding exacerbation of existing social divisions. The need for such oversight relates directly to the effects of genome editing on the environment, as discussed by Natalie Kofler, and to environmental and medical projects pursued at the Gates Foundation, as discussed by Dan Wattendorf. In his talk and in the accompanying paper with colleagues, Dietram A. Scheufele addressed the critical issue of engaging the broader public in conversations about genome-editing applications and their impacts. Many people have called for such conversations without having a clear idea of how to pursue them; the Scheufele et al. paper offers a cogent perspective (2). The next two sessions explored agricultural genome editing in animals and plants. Bruce Whitelaw presented results of efforts to combat diseases in livestock. The accompanying paper by Luhan Yang et al. elaborates on her presentation that addressed the use of CRISPR in pigs, both for the purpose of providing organs for xenotransplantation and for modeling human diseases (3). Heather A. Lombardi from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) described how their agency evaluates CRISPR modifications of livestock that are intended for the food supply; the accompanying paper by Epstein et al. expands this analysis (4). Between the animal and plant sessions, Jennifer Doudna gave a masterful public lecture on the origins of CRISPR and the challenges and opportunities its uses entail. Zachary Lippman revealed how modulation of specific gene expression in tomatoes can tune agriculturally significant traits. Daniel F. Voytas described a novel approach to the challenging problem of delivering genome-editing reagents to plants, and he provides a broad view of the tools and promise of crop engineering in the accompanying paper with Ryan A. Nasti (5). In a …