Biologic monitoring to characterize organophosphorus pesticide exposure among children and workers: An analysis of recent studies in Washington state
Biologic monitoring to characterize organophosphorus pesticide exposure among children and workers: An analysis of recent studies in Washington state
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.8022
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发表时间：
2005-11-01
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Kissel, JC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Fenske, RA;Lu, CS;Kissel, JC
我们研究了1994年至1999年在华盛顿州进行的五项有机磷农药生物监测研究的结果。我们比较了所有研究组的尿二甲基硫代磷酸盐（DMTP）浓度和选定组的复合二甲基烷基磷酸盐（DMAP）浓度。农药施用者的孩子比西雅图的孩子和农场工人的孩子有更高的代谢物水平（中位数DMTP，25 μ g/L; p < 0.0001）。在作物喷洒期间，生活在农业社区的儿童的代谢物水平升高。西雅图儿童和农场工人儿童的中位DMTP浓度没有显著差异（分别为6.1和5.8 μ g/L DMTP; p = 0.73）;然而，西雅图儿童的DMAP浓度高于农场工人儿童（分别为117和87 nmol/L DMAP; p = 0.007）。美国6-11岁儿童（1999-2000年国家健康和营养检查调查人群）的DMTP浓度高于西雅图儿童和农场工人儿童在第75、90和95个月的DMTP浓度。DMTP浓度的工人积极从事苹果间伐的50倍以上的DMTP浓度的农场工人采样高峰期以外。我们的结论是，直接接触农药的工人应继续成为公共卫生干预措施的重点，农业社区的儿童暴露可能会在积极的作物喷洒期间和与农药施用者生活在一起。样品采集的时间对于正确解释暴露后相对较短时间内排泄的农药生物标志物至关重要。我们推测，饮食暴露的差异可以解释在农场工人儿童、生活在西雅图大都市区的儿童和全国抽样儿童中观察到的相似暴露。
We examined findings from five organophosphorus pesticide biomonitoring studies conducted in Washington State between 1994 and 1999. We compared urinary dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) concentrations for all study groups and composite dimethyl alkylphosphate (DMAP) concentrations for selected groups. Children of pesticide applicators had substantially higher metabolite levels than did Seattle children and farmworker children (median DMTP, 25 mu g/L; p < 0.0001). Metabolite levels of children living in agricultural communities were elevated during periods of crop spraying. Median DMTP concentrations for Seattle children and farmworker children did not differ significantly (6.1 and 5.8 mu g/L DMTP, respectively; p = 0.73); however, the DMAP concentrations were higher for Seattle children than for farmworker children (117 and 87 nmol/L DMAP, respectively; p = 0.007). DMTP concentrations of U.S. children 6-11 years of age (1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey population) were higher than those of Seattle children and farmworker children at the 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles. DMTP concentrations for workers actively engaged in apple thinning were 50 times higher than DMTP concentrations for farmworkers sampled outside of peak exposure periods. We conclude that workers who have direct contact with pesticides should continue to be the focus of public health interventions and that elevated child exposures in agricultural communities may occur during active crop-spraying periods and from living with a pesticide applicator. Timing of sample collection is critical for the proper interpretation of pesticide biomarkers excreted relatively soon after exposure. We surmise that differences in dietary exposure can explain the similar exposures observed among farmworker children, children living in the Seattle metropolitan area, and children sampled nationally.