Evolution of contrast agents for ultrasound imaging and ultrasound-mediated drug delivery.
Evolution of contrast agents for ultrasound imaging and ultrasound-mediated drug delivery.
复制标题
DOI：
10.3389/fphar.2015.00197
复制
发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
Kiessling F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Paefgen V;Doleschel D;Kiessling F
超声（US）是最常用的诊断方法之一。它是一种非侵入性的，廉价的成像方法，具有广泛的应用范围，可以通过使用气泡作为造影剂（CA）来进一步增加。有各种不同类型的气泡：充满不同的气体，由软壳或硬壳材料组成，尺寸从纳米到微米不等。这些血管内CA能够进行功能分析，例如，实时获取器官灌注。分子分析是通过将特定的配体与气泡的外壳结合来实现的，这些配体与感兴趣区域的标记分子结合。气泡也可以装载或附着于药物、肽或基因，并且可以被US脉冲破坏以局部释放捕获的试剂。最近的研究表明，US CA也是高血压诱导的肿瘤消融治疗的有价值的工具，或者可以通过增强膜渗透性来增加局部释放药物的细胞摄取。本文综述了超声造影发展的重要步骤，并介绍了超声造影的临床应用现状。此外，还概述了美国用于功能和分子诊断以及药物输送的探针设计的最新进展。
Ultrasound (US) is one of the most frequently used diagnostic methods. It is a non-invasive, comparably inexpensive imaging method with a broad spectrum of applications, which can be increased even more by using bubbles as contrast agents (CAs). There are various different types of bubbles: filled with different gases, composed of soft- or hard-shell materials, and ranging in size from nano- to micrometers. These intravascular CAs enable functional analyses, e.g., to acquire organ perfusion in real-time. Molecular analyses are achieved by coupling specific ligands to the bubbles’ shell, which bind to marker molecules in the area of interest. Bubbles can also be loaded with or attached to drugs, peptides or genes and can be destroyed by US pulses to locally release the entrapped agent. Recent studies show that US CAs are also valuable tools in hyperthermia-induced ablation therapy of tumors, or can increase cellular uptake of locally released drugs by enhancing membrane permeability. This review summarizes important steps in the development of US CAs and introduces the current clinical applications of contrast-enhanced US. Additionally, an overview of the recent developments in US probe design for functional and molecular diagnosis as well as for drug delivery is given.