Confined space ventilation by shipyard welders: observed use and effectiveness.
Confined space ventilation by shipyard welders: observed use and effectiveness.
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船厂焊工的密闭空间通风：观察使用和有效性。
DOI：
10.1093/annhyg/meu070
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Seixas,NoahS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pouzou,JaneG;Warner,Chris;Neitzel,RichardL;Croteau,GerryA;Yost,MichaelG;Seixas,NoahS
造船涉及在封闭和受限空间内进行密集的焊接活动，尽管通风在该行业中普遍使用，但其使用和有效性尚未得到充分的记录。在两个船厂的封闭或密闭空间中从事焊接工作的工人被观察其通风情况，并监测其暴露在颗粒物中的情况。记录使用的通风类型、位置和面速、空间内的空气流动和其他与通风相关的参数，以及焊接类型、焊工的位置和空间的配置等任务特征。在观察到的65种焊接方案中，约三分之二使用了机械通风，其中一家造船厂主要使用排气通风，另一家造船厂主要使用送风机。在53%的案例中，可以看到焊工在房间内明显的死区工作，即使在使用通风的情况下也是如此。呼吸保护在两个造船厂很常见，分别有77和100%的病例在使用中观察到。研究发现，焊接方法、焊工头部与烟雾的接近程度和空气混合与焊工的暴露密切相关，而稀释通风的其他特征在暴露水平上没有明显差异。这些与减少暴露有关的参数可以进行主观评估，因此是在密闭空间高温作业期间进行有效通风使用培训的良好候选者。在受限空间焊接中使用的通风常常不足以控制暴露在焊接烟雾中。
Shipbuilding involves intensive welding activities within enclosed and confined spaces, and although ventilation is commonly used in the industry, its use and effectiveness has not been adequately documented. Workers engaged in welding in enclosed or confined spaces in two shipyards were observed for their use of ventilation and monitored for their exposure to particulate matter. The type of ventilation in use, its placement and face velocity, the movement of air within the space, and other ventilation-related parameters were recorded, along with task characteristics such as the type of welding, the welder’s position, and the configuration of the space. Mechanical ventilation was present in about two-thirds of the 65 welding scenarios observed, with exhaust ventilation used predominantly in one shipyard and supply blowers predominantly in the other. Welders were observed working in apparent dead-spaces within the room in 53% of the cases, even where ventilation was in use. Respiratory protection was common in the two shipyards, observed in use in 77 and 100% of the cases. Welding method, the proximity of the welder’s head to the fume, and air mixing were found to be significantly associated with the welder’s exposure, while other characteristics of dilution ventilation did not produce appreciable differences in exposure level. These parameters associated with exposure reduction can be assessed subjectively and are thus good candidates for training on effective ventilation use during hot work in confined spaces. Ventilation used in confined space welding is often inadequate for controlling exposure to welding fume.