Multi-criteria evaluation and GIS
Multi-criteria evaluation and GIS
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发表时间：
2005
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通讯作者：
J. Eastman
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作者：
J. Eastman
GIS最重要的应用之一是显示和分析数据，以支持环境决策过程。决策可以被定义为在备选方案之间的选择，其中备选方案可以是不同的动作、位置、对象等。例如，人们可能需要选择危险废物设施的最佳地点，或者确定哪些地区最适合新的发展。一般来说，决策可以分为两大类-政策决策和资源分配决策。资源分配决策，顾名思义，是指控制资源的直接使用，以实现特定的目标。最终，政策决定也有类似的目标。然而，它们这样做的方式是制定旨在影响其他国家资源分配决定的立法文书。因此，例如，政府机构可以减少分配给某种作物的土地的税收，作为引进这种作物的奖励。这显然是一项政策决定;但决定是否将土地分配给该作物的是农民。要做到理性，决策必须基于一个或多个标准--所考虑的备选方案的可测量属性，这些属性可以以决策规则的形式组合和评估。在某些情况下，可以根据单一标准作出分配决定。然而，更常见的是，需要各种标准。例如，在一组废物处置场之间的选择可能基于诸如接近通道、与住宅和保护地的距离、当前土地使用等标准。本章重点讨论在多个标准的背景下空间资源分配决策的非常具体的问题--这一过程通常被称为多标准评估
One of the most important applications of GIS is the display and analysis of data to support the process of environmental decision-making. A decision can be defined as a choice between alternatives, where the alternatives may be different actions, locations, objects, and the like. For example, one might need to choose which is the best location for a hazardous waste facility, or perhaps identify which areas will be best suited for a new development. Broadly, decisions can be classified into two extensive categories – policy decisions and resource allocation decisions. Resource allocation decisions, as the name suggests, are concerned with control over the direct use of resources to achieve a particular goal. Ultimately, policy decisions have a similar aim. However, they do so by establishing legislative instruments that are intended to influence the resource allocation decisions of others. Thus, for example, a government body might reduce taxes on land allocated to a particular crop as an incentive to its introduction. This is clearly a policy decision; but it is the farmer who makes the decision about whether to allocate land to that crop or not. To be rational, decisions will be necessarily based on one or more criteria – measurable attributes of the alternatives being considered, that can be combined and evaluated in the form of a decision rule. In some circumstances, allocation decisions can be made on the basis of a single criterion. However, more frequently, a variety of criteria is required. For example, the choice between a set of waste disposal sites might be based upon criteria such as proximity to access roads, distance from residential and protected lands, current land use, and so on. This chapter focuses on the very specific problems of spatial resource allocation decisions in the context of multiple criteria – a process most commonly known as multi-criteria evaluation