Constraints on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity: limits and costs of phenotype and plasticity.
Constraints on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity: limits and costs of phenotype and plasticity.
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DOI：
10.1038/hdy.2015.8
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发表时间：
2015-10
期刊：
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Schlichting CD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Murren CJ;Auld JR;Callahan H;Ghalambor CK;Handelsman CA;Heskel MA;Kingsolver JG;Maclean HJ;Masel J;Maughan H;Pfennig DW;Relyea RA;Seiter S;Snell-Rood E;Steiner UK;Schlichting CD
表型可塑性是普遍存在的，通常被认为是使生物体在面对环境变化时生存的关键机制。因为没有任何生物体具有无限或理想的可塑性，所以理论认为，表型可塑性的进化必然存在限制（例如，缺乏产生最佳性状的能力），或者可塑性可能具有固有的重大代价。然而，大量的实验研究并没有发现广泛的成本。明确区分可塑性成本和表型成本，我们重新评估了可塑性进化的限制和通才与专才的基本问题。我们主张，相对于可塑性的成本，宽松的选择和可变的选择强度可能是对可塑性进化更重要的约束。某些形式的可塑性，比如学习，可能本身就代价高昂。此外，我们还研究了通过个体发生、环境中表型成本的改善以及条件依赖假说来抵消表型成本的机会。在回答可塑性限制问题的背景下，我们提出了利用生态参数化、系统发育和组学的新方法和经典方法进一步探究可塑性限制的途径。鉴于可塑性在应对环境变化中的关键作用，从应用到基础的方法将极大地丰富我们对可塑性演变的理解，并解决我们对极限的理解。
Phenotypic plasticity is ubiquitous and generally regarded as a key mechanism for enabling organisms to survive in the face of environmental change. Because no organism is infinitely or ideally plastic, theory suggests that there must be limits (for example, the lack of ability to produce an optimal trait) to the evolution of phenotypic plasticity, or that plasticity may have inherent significant costs. Yet numerous experimental studies have not detected widespread costs. Explicitly differentiating plasticity costs from phenotype costs, we re-evaluate fundamental questions of the limits to the evolution of plasticity and of generalists vs specialists. We advocate for the view that relaxed selection and variable selection intensities are likely more important constraints to the evolution of plasticity than the costs of plasticity. Some forms of plasticity, such as learning, may be inherently costly. In addition, we examine opportunities to offset costs of phenotypes through ontogeny, amelioration of phenotypic costs across environments, and the condition-dependent hypothesis. We propose avenues of further inquiry in the limits of plasticity using new and classic methods of ecological parameterization, phylogenetics and omics in the context of answering questions on the constraints of plasticity. Given plasticity's key role in coping with environmental change, approaches spanning the spectrum from applied to basic will greatly enrich our understanding of the evolution of plasticity and resolve our understanding of limits.