Leadership in fish shoals
Leadership in fish shoals
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1467-2979.2000.tb00001.x
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发表时间：
2000-03-01
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Rubenstein, D. I.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Krause, J.;Hoare, D.;Rubenstein, D. I.
领导能力并不是具有定向运动能力的动物群体的固有品质。然而，也有其他因素，可能是负责领导的鱼群，如群体成员之间的营养状态的个体差异的发生。看来，前面的鱼有很强的方向浅滩运动的影响力，占据这样的位置的个人往往具有较大的身体长度和较低的营养状态。需要进一步注意这两个因素之间的潜在相互作用及其对在浅滩内定位的重要性。在静止浅滩和位置偏好在移动的浅滩定向运动的启动需要单独解决，因为它们可能受到不同的约束。启动游泳方向的个人可能不一定能够保持前面位置所需的持续高游泳性能，或者有动机这样做。更多的经验和理论工作是必要的，看看在浅滩内的定位行为的控制因素，以及整体浅滩的形状和结构。跟踪其定位行为在数小时或数天的延长时间段内被监视的被标记的个人将是有用的。有迹象表明，鱼群的位置是由个人根据其营养需要轮换的，饥饿的鱼占据前面的位置，只要有必要恢复其营养平衡。这表明鱼群成员有效地轮流成为领导者。有必要使用高速视频系统对浅滩行为进行三维记录，以便详细分析不同大小的浅滩中的信息传递。领导力和鱼群规模之间的关系可能为未来的研究提供一个有趣的领域。迄今为止，大多数研究仅限于中小型浅滩，关于大型浅滩的更多信息将是有用的。
Leadership is not an inherent quality of animal groups that show directional locomotion. However, there are other factors that may be responsible for the occurrence of leadership in fish shoals, such as individual differences in nutritional state between group members. It appears that front fish have a strong influence on directional shoal movements and that individuals that occupy such positions are often characterised by larger body lengths and lower nutritional state. Potential interactions between the two factors and their importance for positioning within shoals need further attention. Initiation of directional movement in stationary shoals and position preferences in mobile shoals need to be addressed separately because they are potentially subject to different constraints. Individuals that initiate a swimming direction may not necessarily be capable of the sustained high swimming performance required to keep the front position or have the motivation to do so, for that matter. More empirical and theoretical work is necessary to look at the factors controlling positioning behaviour within shoals, as well as overall shoal shape and structure. Tracking of marked individuals whose positioning behaviour is monitored over extended time periods of hours or days would be useful. There is an indication that shoal positions are rotated by individuals according to their nutritional needs, with hungry fish occupying front positions only for as long as necessary to regain their nutritional balance. This suggests that shoal members effectively take turns at being leaders. There is a need for three-dimensional recordings of shoaling behaviour using high-speed video systems that allow a detailed analysis of information transfer in shoals of different size. The relationship between leadership and shoal size might provide an interesting field for future research. Most studies to date have been restricted to shoals of small and medium size and more information on larger shoals would be useful.