Psychosocial risk and protective factors for adolescent tobacco use.
Psychosocial risk and protective factors for adolescent tobacco use.
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DOI：
10.1080/14622299050011611
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发表时间：
1999-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hu, F B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Flay, B R;Petraitis, J;Hu, F B
了解青少年吸烟的风险和保护因素将有助于制定更好的干预战略，以减少/预防烟草使用。理论和实证研究结果表明，烟草使用的病因学的多元复杂性。社会文化、社会/人际和个人因素通过最终、远端和近端影响的中介链发挥作用。有些影响缓和了其他影响。一旦烟草被使用，反馈机制会改变先前的原因，进而改变随后的烟草使用行为。大多数理论和横截面，前瞻性和因果过程的研究包含了主要的局限性：（a）大多数只解决了整个画面的一小部分;（B）大多数中介研究没有测试的相互作用和大多数适度的研究是基于有限的理论（如果有的话）;（c）大多数理论没有讨论因果过程在男性和女性或不同种族群体之间可能有何不同（适度的特殊情况）。此外，很少有研究关注更远或最终的影响或检查多流模式，很少有理论或因果过程研究指定或测试反馈回路。确定心理社会风险因素及其如何影响烟草使用面临着几个重大挑战，包括发现复杂的中介过程，调节变量，克服调查和理论的局限性。我们提出了六项建议以推进跨学科的烟草预防研究：（a）将未来的研究建立在强有力的理论基础上，旨在检验一个或多个理论或理论推导的假设;（B）收集四波或更多波的数据，并采用动态的预测和分析策略，包括相互作用、间接影响、反馈回路以及从一个烟草使用水平到另一个烟草使用水平的过渡;（d）采用高质量的措施和多种方法，包括非小组纵向研究、深入访谈、人种学、实验干预、小型探索性研究以及进一步的前瞻性研究;（e）包括来自多个影响流的变量，以调查文化、社会和个人因素之间的相互关系;以及（f）从多个嵌套单元（例如，儿童在家庭内，在学校内，在邻里），并采用多层次的分析方法来调查之间的相互关系的最终，远端，和近端变量。
Knowledge of risk and protective factors for adolescent tobacco use will lead to the development of improved intervention strategies to reduce/prevent tobacco use. Theory and empirical findings demonstrate the multivariate complexity of the etiology of tobacco use. Sociocultural, social/interpersonal, and intrapersonal factors act through mediated chains of ultimate, distal, and proximal influences. Some influences moderate the effects of others. Once tobacco is used, feedback mechanisms modify prior causes that in turn alter subsequent tobacco use behavior. Most theories and cross-sectional, prospective, and causal process studies have contained major limitations: (a) most addressed only small portions of the total picture; (b) most mediational studies did not test for interactions and most moderation studies are based on limited theory (if any); and (c) most theories do not discuss how the causal processes might be different for males and females or for different ethnic groups (special cases of moderation). Furthermore, few studies focused on more distal or ultimate influences or examined multi-stream patterns, and few theories or causal process studies have specified or tested feedback loops. Determining psychosocial risk factors and how they influence tobacco use faces several major challenges, including discovering complex mediating processes, moderating variables, and overcoming limitations of surveys and theory. We offer six recommendations to advance transdisciplinary tobacco-prevention research: (a) base future studies on strong theory and aim to test one or more theories or theoretically derived hypotheses; (b) collect four or more waves of data and adopt dynamic strategies of prediction and analysis, including interactions, indirect effects, feedback loops, and transitions from one level of tobacco use to another; (c) provide evidence of generalizability to sub-populations within the study sample, such as by gender, ethnic group, and socioeconomic status; (d) use high-quality measures and multiple methodologies, including non-panel longitudinal studies, intensive interview, ethnography, experimental intervention, and small exploratory studies as well as further prospective studies; (e) include variables from multiple streams of influence to investigate interrelationships among cultural, social, and intrapersonal factors; and (f) collect data from multiple nested units (e.g., children within families, within schools, within neighborhoods) and employ multi-level analysis methods to investigate interrelationships among ultimate, distal, and proximal variables.