Observational and Physical Classification of Supernovae
Observational and Physical Classification of Supernovae
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-21846-5_35
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发表时间：
2016-11
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Gal-yam
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作者：
A. Gal-yam
本章描述了目前超新星的分类方案。该方案已经发展了几十年，现在包括许多SN类型和子类型。其中许多是普遍公认的，虽然有争议的定义，成员，甚至一些子类的名称;我们将尝试在这里审查常用的命名法，并注意到主要的变量时可能的。SN类型是根据观测性质定义的;主要是最大光附近的可见光光谱，以及根据它们的光度特性。然而，SN分类的一个长期目标是将观测定义的类别与特定的物理爆炸现象联系起来。我们在这里表明，这一愿望现在终于实现了，我们建立的SN分类方案后，直接观测证据连接SN组与特定的祖星。在观测上，II型超新星包含了具有强烈氢光谱特征的天体，而缺乏氢光谱特征的天体则属于I型超新星，并进一步分为许多子类。最近一类超亮SNe（SLSNe，通常比标准事件亮10倍）已被确定，并进行了讨论。在本章的最后，我们简要描述了一个受恒星分类系统启发而提出的替代分类方案。该系统展示了我们对SN爆炸的新兴物理理解，同时将强大的观测特性与可以辩论的物理推断明确区分开来。这个新的系统是定量的，自然地处理沿连续沿着分布的事件，而不是严格地划分为离散的类。因此，它可能更适合即将到来的时代，SN数量将从几千个事件迅速扩展到数百万个事件。
This chapter describes the current classification scheme of supernovae (SNe). This scheme has evolved over many decades and now includes numerous SN Types and sub-types. Many of these are universally recognized, while there are controversies regarding the definitions, membership and even the names of some sub-classes; we will try to review here the commonly-used nomenclature, noting the main variants when possible. SN Types are defined according to observational properties; mostly visible-light spectra near maximum light, as well as according to their photometric properties. However, a long-term goal of SN classification is to associate observationally-defined classes with specific physical explosive phenomena. We show here that this aspiration is now finally coming to fruition, and we establish the SN classification scheme upon direct observational evidence connecting SN groups with specific progenitor stars. Observationally, the broad class of Type II SNe contains objects showing strong spectroscopic signatures of hydrogen, while objects lacking such signatures are of Type I, which is further divided to numerous subclasses. Recently a class of super-luminous SNe (SLSNe, typically 10 times more luminous than standard events) has been identified, and it is discussed. We end this chapter by briefly describing a proposed alternative classification scheme that is inspired by the stellar classification system. This system presents our emerging physical understanding of SN explosions, while clearly separating robust observational properties from physical inferences that can be debated. This new system is quantitative, and naturally deals with events distributed along a continuum, rather than being strictly divided into discrete classes. Thus, it may be more suitable to the coming era where SN numbers will quickly expand from a few thousands to millions of events.