Life-cycle assessment and life-cycle cost analysis of decentralised rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling and hybrid rainwater-greywater systems
Life-cycle assessment and life-cycle cost analysis of decentralised rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling and hybrid rainwater-greywater systems
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.046
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发表时间：
2019-08
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
J. C. Y. Leong;Poovarasi Balan;M. Chong;P. E. Poh
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. C. Y. Leong;Poovarasi Balan;M. Chong;P. E. Poh
分散式雨水收集（RWH），灰水回收（GWR）和混合雨水-灰水系统（HRG）可以缓解国内住宅和商业建筑规模的城市水资源短缺。然而，很少有研究已经进行了HRG在混合城市供水计划在热带气候条件下。因此，本研究评估和比较的环境和经济影响的一个集中的自来水系统（MWS）对分散RWH，GWR和HRG在国内和商业建筑使用生命周期评估（LCA）和生命周期成本（LCC）分析在热带气候条件下。使用了1 m3非饮用厕所冲洗和灌溉水的功能单位（FU），项目寿命为50年。结果表明，CML 2001和TRACI 2.1方法产生类似的结果。生命周期评价和生命周期成本分析表明，最优系统为商用余热锅炉和国产余热锅炉。商业HRG具有最高的自来水节约率（55.3%），七个类别的环境影响得分最低，并且是第二快的系统，以5.20美元/m3的价格变得具有经济吸引力。同样，家用RWH具有第二高的自来水节约率（95.3%），在七个影响类别中相对于MWS的环境影响评分最低，并且是第一个在2.00美元/m3的价格下具有经济吸引力的系统。敏感性分析表明，全球变暖，水压力指数，富营养化是最敏感的GW和RW的能量强度值在商业和住宅建筑，分别为20%的变化。分散式RWH、GWR和HRG系统的财务可行性随着折扣率和自来水价格的增加以及电费和安装系数的降低而增加。马来西亚政府的财政激励和补贴计划可能会促进分散式供水系统用于混合城市供水，因为没有一个系统在50年内以6%的折扣率在财务上具有吸引力。
Decentralised rainwater harvesting (RWH), greywater recycling (GWR), and hybrid rainwater-greywater systems (HRG) mitigate urban water scarcity at both domestic residential dwelling and commercial building scales. However, few studies have been conducted on HRG in mixed urban water provision schemes under tropical climatic conditions. Thus, this study evaluates and compares the environmental and economic impacts of a centralised mains water system (MWS) against a decentralised RWH, GWR and HRG at a domestic and commercial building using life-cycle assessment (LCA) and life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis under tropical climatic conditions. A functional unit (FU) of 1 m3of non-potable toilet flushing and irrigation water for a project lifespan of 50 years was used. Results indicate that CML 2001 and TRACI 2.1 methods produce similar results. LCA and LCC indicate that the optimal systems are the commercial HRG and domestic RWH. The commercial HRG has the highest mains water savings (55.3%), lowest environmental impact scores for seven categories, and is the second fastest system to become financially attractive at USD5.20/m3. Similarly, the domestic RWH has the second highest mains water savings (95.3%), lowest environmental impact scores relative to a MWS for seven impact categories, and is the first system to become financially attractive at USD2.00/m3. Sensitivity analysis revealed that global warming, water stress index, and eutrophication are most sensitive to a ∓20% variation in GW and RW energy intensity values at commercial and domestic buildings, respectively. The financial viability of decentralised RWH, GWR, and HRG systems increase with increasing discount rate and mains water tariff, as well as decreasing electricity tariff and installation factor. Financial incentives and subsidy schemes from the Malaysian government may promote uptake of decentralised water systems for mixed urban water provision, as none of the systems were financially attractive otherwise at a discount rate of 6% for 50 years.