Changes in belowground biodiversity during ecosystem development
Changes in belowground biodiversity during ecosystem development
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1818400116
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发表时间：
2019-04-02
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Fierer, Noah
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel;Bardgett, Richard D.;Fierer, Noah
地下生物在维持多种生态系统过程中起着至关重要的作用，包括植物生产力、分解和养分循环。然而，尽管它们很重要，我们对地下生物多样性（细菌、真菌、原生生物和无脊椎动物）如何以及为什么会随着土壤在几个世纪到几千年的发展而发生变化（土壤形成）的理解有限。此外，尚不清楚土壤形成过程中地下生物多样性的变化是否与地上植物多样性的变化模式相似。在这里，我们评估了资源有效性、营养化学计量学和土壤非生物因子在16个土壤时间序列（从世纪到千年）中驱动地下生物多样性的作用，涵盖了广泛的全球分布的生态系统类型。成土过程中地下生物多样性的变化主要有两种模式。在生产力较低的生态系统（即干旱和寒冷）中，地下生物多样性的增加与植物覆盖的增加密切相关。在生产力较高的生态系统中（即更湿润和更温暖的生态系统），土壤形成过程中酸化的增加与地下生物多样性的下降有关。细菌、真菌、原生生物和无脊椎动物的多样性变化与土壤成土过程呈显著正相关，表明地下生物多样性与土壤和生态系统具有相似的生态驱动机制。总体而言，地上植物多样性和地下生物多样性的时间变化不相关，这挑战了人们普遍认为的地下生物多样性在生态系统发展过程中应该遵循与植物多样性相似的模式。综上所述，我们的研究结果提供了证据，表明地下生物多样性的生态模式在全球主要分布的生态系统类型中是可预测的，并表明生态系统发展过程中植物覆盖和土壤酸化的变化与数百年至数千年的地下生物多样性变化有关。
Belowground organisms play critical roles in maintaining multiple ecosystem processes, including plant productivity, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Despite their importance, however, we have a limited understanding of how and why belowground biodiversity (bacteria, fungi, protists, and invertebrates) may change as soils develop over centuries to millennia (pedogenesis). Moreover, it is unclear whether belowground biodiversity changes during pedogenesis are similar to the patterns observed for aboveground plant diversity. Here we evaluated the roles of resource availability, nutrient stoichiometry, and soil abiotic factors in driving belowground biodiversity across 16 soil chronosequences (from centuries to millennia) spanning a wide range of globally distributed ecosystem types. Changes in belowground biodiversity during pedogenesis followed two main patterns. In lower-productivity ecosystems (i.e., drier and colder), increases in belowground biodiversity tracked increases in plant cover. In more productive ecosystems (i.e., wetter and warmer), increased acidification during pedogenesis was associated with declines in belowground biodiversity. Changes in the diversity of bacteria, fungi, protists, and invertebrates with pedogenesis were strongly and positively correlated worldwide, highlighting that belowground biodiversity shares similar ecological drivers as soils and ecosystems develop. In general, temporal changes in aboveground plant diversity and belowground biodiversity were not correlated, challenging the common perception that belowground biodiversity should follow similar patterns to those of plant diversity during ecosystem development. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that ecological patterns in belowground biodiversity are predictable across major globally distributed ecosystem types and suggest that shifts in plant cover and soil acidification during ecosystem development are associated with changes in belowground biodiversity over centuries to millennia.