PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF PLEASURE
PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF PLEASURE
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DOI：
10.1126/science.173.4002.1103
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发表时间：
1971-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
CABANAC, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
CABANAC, M
给定的刺激可以引起愉快或不愉快的感觉，具体取决于受试者的内部状态。提议用“Alliesthesia”一词来描述这种现象。它本身就是食物摄入或体温调节等行为的充分动机。因此，基于口咽或皮肤热信号的负调节反馈系统仅在外观上是外围的，因为感觉的动机成分是内部起源的。内部信号似乎很复杂，并且与“内部环境”的一些调节变量的设定点相关，例如热感觉情况下的设定内部温度。因此，感觉感可以解释这些行为对其目标的适应。仅研究了三种感觉——热感、味觉和嗅觉，但感觉感很可能也以简单的方式存在，例如将通常被忽视的信号引起受试者的注意。例如，在饥饿状态下会感觉到正常情况下不会感觉到的胃收缩。由于联觉依赖于内部输入，因此联觉可能仅存在于与“内部环境”的某些常数相关的感觉中，因此不会存在于视觉或听觉感觉中。事实上，光或听觉刺激本身可以令人愉悦或令人不快，但这些感觉中的快乐似乎没有什么变化，也就是说，没有感觉。这些刺激可能具有一定的审美价值，但惊人的巧合是，它们本身相当中性，并且很难想象“内部环境”的常数可以通过视觉或听觉刺激（例如特定波长的光或给定频率的声音）进行修改。根据这一理论，可以重新考虑整个意识体验的本质。感觉的存在意味着内部信号的存在改变了周围感受器引起的意识感觉。因此，有必要质疑直接刺激中枢受体（例如下丘脑温度探测器、渗透压感受器等）引起的感觉是否存在。他们的兴奋是否会引起自己的感觉，或者这种感觉必须通过外围感官？只有人体实验才能回答这个问题。同样，大脑的自我刺激可能是令人愉快的，不是通过其本身产生感觉，而是因为电刺激使周围刺激变得令人愉快。
A given stimulus can induce a pleasant or unpleasant sensation depending on the subject's internal state. The word alliesthesia is proposed to describe this phenomenon. It is, in itself, an adequate motivation for behavior such as food intake or thermoregulation. Therefore, negative regulatory feedback systems, based upon oropharingeal or cutaneous thermal signals are peripheral only in appearance, since the motivational component of the sensation is of internal origin. The internal signals seem to be complex and related to the set points of some regulated variables of the "milieu interieur," like set internal temperature in the case of thermal sensation. Alliesthesia can therefore explain the adaptation of these behaviors to their goals. Only three sensations have been studied— thermal, gustatory, and olfactory, but it is probable that alliesthesia also exists in such simple ways as in bringing a signal, usually ignored, to the subject's attention. For example, gastric contractions, not normally perceived, are felt in the state of hunger. Since alliesthesia relies on an internal input, it is possible that alliesthesia exists only with sensations related to some constants of the "milieu interieur" and therefore would not exist in visual or auditory sensations. As a matter of fact, luminous or auditory stimuli can be pleasing or displeasing in themselves, but there seems to be little variation of pleasure in these sensations, that is, no alliesthesia. There may be some esthetic value linked to these stimuli but it is a striking coincidence that they are in themselves rather neutral and that it is difficult to imagine a constant of the "milieu interieur" which could be possibly modified by a visual or an auditive stimulus—such as light of a certain wavelength or sound of a given frequency.In the light of this theory, it is possible to reconsider the nature of the whole conscious experience. The existence of alliesthesia implies the presence of internal signals modifying the conscious sensations aroused from peripheral receptors. It is therefore necessary to question the existence of sensations aroused by direct stimulation of central receptors, such as hypothalamic temperature detectors, osmoreceptors, and others. Does their excitation arouse sensations of their own, or does the sensation have to pass through peripheral senses? Only human experimentation could answer this question. In the same way, it is possible that self-stimulation of the brain is pleasant, not by giving a sensation in itself, but because the electrical stimulus, renders peripheral stimuli pleasant.