Historical analogues of the recent extreme minima observed in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26°N

Historical analogues of the recent extreme minima observed in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26°N
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最近在北纬 26° 大西洋经向翻转环流中观察到的极端极小值的历史模拟

DOI:
10.1007/s00382-014-2274-6
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发表时间:
2014
期刊:
影响因子:
4.6
通讯作者:
Blaker A
Blaker A
中科院分区:
地球科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Blaker A

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RAPID 26°N阵列对大西洋纬向翻转环流(AMOC)的观测表明,2009/10年冬季向北输送的最小值明显低于2004年4月首次部署以来的任何观测值。随后在2010/2011年冬季出现了第二个最低点。我们证明,海洋模式被迫与观测到的表面通量重现观测到的最小值。检查输出从五个海洋模型模拟,我们确定了几个历史事件,表现出类似的特点,在2009/10年冬季观察到的,包括个别事件的实例,并在连续几年发生的事件对的两个明显的例子,一个在1969/70年,另一个在1978/79年。在所有情况下,绝对最小值,与短期,急剧减少的埃克曼组成部分,发生在冬季。AMOC异常在赤道和50°N之间是相干的,在某些情况下,观测到归因于风场异常向极移动的传播。我们还观察到一个低频率(十年)模式的异常变化,与北大西洋涛动(NAO)。在连续几年发生的成对事件中,我们发现第一个冬天的大气条件对应于一个强烈的负北极涛动(AO)指数。在第二个冬天的大气条件是一个更区域性的负NAO阶段的指示,我们认为,这种持久性与重新出现的海表温度异常在北大西洋的事件1969/70和2009/10。1978年至1979年的事件没有表现出重新出现,这表明这对事件的大气记忆来自其他地方。观测与西北欧寒冷冬季相关的AO模式可能表明西北欧发生了第二个极端冬季。
Observations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) by the RAPID 26°N array show a pronounced minimum in the northward transport over the winter of 2009/10, substantially lower than any observed since the initial deployment in April 2004. It was followed by a second minimum in the winter of 2010/2011. We demonstrate that ocean models forced with observed surface fluxes reproduce the observed minima. Examining output from five ocean model simulations we identify several historical events which exhibit similar characteristics to those observed in the winter of 2009/10, including instances of individual events, and two clear examples of pairs of events which happened in consecutive years, one in 1969/70 and another in 1978/79. In all cases the absolute minimum, associated with a short, sharp reduction in the Ekman component, occurs in winter. AMOC anomalies are coherent between the Equator and 50°N and in some cases propagation attributable to the poleward movement of the anomaly in the wind field is observed. We also observe a low frequency (decadal) mode of variability in the anomalies, associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Where pairs of events have occurred in consecutive years we find that atmospheric conditions during the first winter correspond to a strongly negative Arctic Oscillation (AO) index. Atmospheric conditions during the second winter are indicative of a more regional negative NAO phase, and we suggest that this persistence is linked to re-emergence of sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic for the events of 1969/70 and 2009/10. The events of 1978/79 do not exhibit re-emergence, indicating that the atmospheric memory for this pair of events originates elsewhere. Observation of AO patterns associated with cold winters over northwest Europe may be indicative for the occurrence of a second extreme winter over northwest Europe.
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