Sexual and seasonal differences in the frequency of beak marks on the wings of two Lethe butterflies
Sexual and seasonal differences in the frequency of beak marks on the wings of two Lethe butterflies
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DOI：
10.1007/s11284-005-0140-z
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发表时间：
2006-05-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Ide, Jun-Ya
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ide, Jun-Ya
为了评估鸟类捕食蝴蝶的压力，我调查了喙的痕迹，在2个忘忧蝶的翅膀3年的次生温带森林。如果鸟类捕食对蝴蝶的平均寿命有显著影响，并且如果被捕食的标本数量与喙标记标本的数量成正比，则喙标记频率与蝴蝶的平均寿命呈负相关。鸟类捕食压力通常被认为会影响蝴蝶的平均寿命。因此，如果鸟的喙痕频率与平均寿命呈负相关关系，那么鸟的捕食压力就会反映在喙痕频率上。喙痕频率与寿命呈负相关的Lethe diana（巴特勒），更丰富的两个物种，因此，喙痕频率被认为是一个合适的指标的鸟类捕食压力的蝴蝶在这项研究中。在这两个忘忧物种，喙标记的频率高于女性比男性。由于雌性蝴蝶的胸部和飞行肌肉相对较小，而腹部较大，其中含有卵，因此它们可能比雄性更弱或更不灵活，并且可能更容易受到鸟类的攻击。在秋季，蝴蝶受到鸟类的严重攻击，无论性别和种类。由于鳞翅目幼虫的数量，这是许多鸟类的首选猎物，在秋季减少，鸟类被认为将其饮食转移到替代猎物，如成年蝴蝶。
To assess bird predation pressure on butterflies, I investigated beak marks on the wings of two Lethe butterflies for 3 years in secondary temperate forests. If bird predation had significant effects on average longevity of butterflies, and if the number of specimens preyed upon was proportionate to the number of beak-marked specimens, the beak mark frequency would be negatively correlated with average longevity of a butterfly. Bird predation pressure is generally thought to influence average longevity of butterflies. Therefore, if there is a negative correlation between beak mark frequency and average longevity, bird predation pressure would be reflected in beak mark frequency. Beak mark frequency was negatively correlated with longevity in Lethe diana (Butler), the more abundant of the two species; thus, the beak mark frequency was considered to be a suitable index of bird predation pressure on the butterflies investigated in this study. In both Lethe species, beak mark frequency was higher in females than in males. Because female butterflies have a relatively smaller thorax and flight muscles and a larger abdomen that contains eggs, they are presumably weaker or less agile fliers than males, and are probably attacked more easily by birds. In autumn, butterflies were heavily attacked by birds irrespective of sex and species. Because the numbers of lepidopteran larvae, which are the preferred prey of many birds, decreased in autumn, birds were thought to shift their diets to alternative prey such as adult butterflies.