Neural coding of reward-prediction error signals during classical conditioning with attractive faces
Neural coding of reward-prediction error signals during classical conditioning with attractive faces
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DOI：
10.1152/jn.01211.2006
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发表时间：
2007-04-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
O'Doherty, John
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bray, Signe;O'Doherty, John
有吸引力的面孔可以被认为是一种视觉奖励。先前的成像研究已经报道了在呈现有吸引力的面孔时，包括眶额皮质和丘脑核在内的奖励结构的活动。鉴于这些刺激似乎作为奖励，我们着手探索是否有可能建立条件反射在人类受试者配对呈现任意情感中性刺激与随后介绍有吸引力和没有吸引力的面孔。此外，我们用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）扫描了人类受试者，同时他们经历了这个条件反射过程，以确定在与有吸引力的面孔一起学习时是否会产生奖励预测错误信号，就像已知的与其他类型的奖励（如果汁和金钱）一起学习的情况一样。受试者表现出变化的行为评级条件刺激（CS）比较后，以预处理的评价，特别是那些CS配对有吸引力的女性面孔。我们使用了一个简单的Rescorla-Wagner学习模型来生成奖励预测误差信号，并将其输入到与fMRI数据的回归分析中。我们发现，在条件反射过程中，有吸引力的面孔与没有吸引力的面孔相比，腹侧纹状体的预测错误相关活动显着。这些发现表明，任意刺激可以通过与愉快的视觉刺激配对来获得条件价值，就像与其他类型的奖励（如金钱或果汁）配对一样。这个学习过程在多巴胺神经元的主要目标结构：腹侧纹状体中激发了奖励预测错误信号。我们在这里描述的研究结果可能会提供深入的神经机制挖掘的广告商寻求影响行为偏好，通过反复暴露消费者之间的产品和奖励的视觉刺激，如漂亮的面孔简单的协会。
Attractive faces can be considered to be a form of visual reward. Previous imaging studies have reported activity in reward structures including orbitofrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens during presentation of attractive faces. Given that these stimuli appear to act as rewards, we set out to explore whether it was possible to establish conditioning in human subjects by pairing presentation of arbitrary affectively neutral stimuli with subsequent presentation of attractive and unattractive faces. Furthermore, we scanned human subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they underwent this conditioning procedure to determine whether a reward-prediction error signal is engaged during learning with attractive faces as is known to be the case for learning with other types of reward such as juice and money. Subjects showed changes in behavioral ratings to the conditioned stimuli (CS) when comparing post- to preconditioning evaluations, notably for those CSs paired with attractive female faces. We used a simple Rescorla-Wagner learning model to generate a reward-prediction error signal and entered this into a regression analysis with the fMRI data. We found significant prediction error-related activity in the ventral striatum during conditioning with attractive compared with unattractive faces. These findings suggest that an arbitrary stimulus can acquire conditioned value by being paired with pleasant visual stimuli just as with other types of reward such as money or juice. This learning process elicits a reward-prediction error signal in a main target structure of dopamine neurons: the ventral striatum. The findings we describe here may provide insights into the neural mechanisms tapped into by advertisers seeking to influence behavioral preferences by repeatedly exposing consumers to simple associations between products and rewarding visual stimuli such as pretty faces.