The rhythms of life: what your body clock means to you!
The rhythms of life: what your body clock means to you!
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DOI：
10.1113/expphysiol.2012.071118
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发表时间：
2014-04-01
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Kreitzman, Leon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Foster, Russell G.;Kreitzman, Leon
新发现本次审查的主题是什么？自古以来，人们就在植物、动物和人类中观察到24小时节律，但直到最近，人们对这些节律是如何产生或调节的，以及当这些节律被打乱时，我们的健康会发生什么还知之甚少。24小时节律产生于关键“时钟基因”的分子相互作用。这种分子钟表机构反过来又通过最近发现的眼睛内的感光器来适应外部世界。这一关于我们生物学的新见解对包括精神疾病在内的多种疾病的理解和治疗产生了重大影响。直到我们把夜晚变成白天，并开始乘坐飞机跨越多个时区旅行，我们才基本上意识到我们拥有由内部生物钟驱动的“内部一天”。然而，我们在凌晨几个小时的能力明显受损，很快就提醒我们，我们是生物学的奴隶，我们在04：00到06：00之间进行数学计算或其他智力任务的能力比我们喝了几杯威士忌还要差，会被归类为合法的醉酒。生物钟驱动或改变我们的睡眠模式、警觉性、情绪、体力、血压以及我们生理和行为的所有其他方面。我们对这些24小时节律如何产生和调节的新认识不仅是现代生物学的伟大成功故事之一，而且也为人类健康的许多领域提供了信息。睡眠和昼夜节律紊乱（SCRD）是我们这个时代一些最具挑战性的疾病所共有的特征，包括神经精神疾病和严重的眼部疾病。睡眠和昼夜节律紊乱在社会的许多领域也很常见，从青少年到轮班工人。我们现在也认识到，SCRD远不止是在不适当的时间感到困倦。它促进多种疾病，包括代谢异常，心脏病，免疫力下降，压力增加以及认知和情绪状态异常。这篇简短的评论考虑了24小时节律是如何产生和调节的，对我们的生物钟工作的后果以及SCRD和精神疾病之间的新关系。
New FindingsWhat is the topic of this review?24 h rhythms have been observed in plants, animals and humans since ancient times, but until recently little was known about how these rhythms are generated or regulated, and what happens to our health when these rhythms are disrupted.What advances does it highlight?24 h rhythms arise from the molecular interaction of key "clock genes". This molecular clockwork is in turn adjusted to the external world by recently discovered photoreceptors within the eye. This new insight about our biology is having a major impact on both the understanding and treatment of multiple diseases, including mental illness.Until we turned our nights into days and began to travel in aircraft across multiple time zones, we were largely unaware that we possess a 'day within' driven by an internal body clock. Yet the striking impairment of our abilities in the early hours of the morning soon reminds us that we are slaves to our biology.Our ability to perform mathematical calculations or other intellectual tasks between 04.00 and 06.00h is worse than if we had consumed several shots of whisky and would be classified as legally drunk. Biological clocks drive or alter our sleep patterns, alertness, mood, physical strength, blood pressure and every other aspect of our physiology and behaviour. Our emerging understanding of how these 24h rhythms are generated and regulated is not only one of the great success stories of modern biology, but is also informing many areas of human health. Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption (SCRD) is a feature shared by some of the most challenging diseases of our time, including neuropsychiatric illness and serious disorders of the eye. Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption is also commonly seen across many sectors of society, from teenagers to shift workers. We also now appreciate that SCRD is far more than feeling sleepy at an inappropriate time. It promotes multiple illnesses ranging across abnormal metabolism, heart disease, reduced immunity, increased stress and abnormal cognition and mood states. This short review considers how 24h rhythms are generated and regulated, the consequences of working against our body clock and the emerging relationship between SCRD and mental illness.