Thin and transient meltwater layers and false bottoms in the Arctic sea ice pack—Recent insights on these historically overlooked features
Thin and transient meltwater layers and false bottoms in the Arctic sea ice pack—Recent insights on these historically overlooked features
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DOI：
10.1525/elementa.2023.00025
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发表时间：
2023
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通讯作者：
Madison M. Smith;H. Angot;E. J. Chamberlain;E. Droste;S. Karam;Morven Muilwijk;Alison L. Webb;Stephen D. Archer;Ivo Beck;Byron W. Blomquist;Jeffrey D. Bowman;M. Boyer;Deborah Bozzato;M. Chierici;J. Creamean;Alessandra D'Angelo;B. Delille;I. Fer;A. Fong;A. Fransson;Niels Fuchs;Jessie Gardner;M. Granskog;C. Hoppe;M. Hoppema;M. Hoppmann;Thomas Mock;Sofia Muller;Oliver Müller;M. Nicolaus;Daiki Nomura;T. Petäjä;E. Salganik;J. Schmale;Katrin Schmidt;K. Schulz;M. Shupe;J. Stefels;Linda Thielke;Sandra Tippenhauer;Adam Ulfsbo;M. V. van Leeuwe;M. Webster;Masaki Yoshimura;Liyang Zhan
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作者：
Madison M. Smith;H. Angot;E. J. Chamberlain;E. Droste;S. Karam;Morven Muilwijk;Alison L. Webb;Stephen D. Archer;Ivo Beck;Byron W. Blomquist;Jeffrey D. Bowman;M. Boyer;Deborah Bozzato;M. Chierici;J. Creamean;Alessandra D'Angelo;B. Delille;I. Fer;A. Fong;A. Fransson;Niels Fuchs;Jessie Gardner;M. Granskog;C. Hoppe;M. Hoppema;M. Hoppmann;Thomas Mock;Sofia Muller;Oliver Müller;M. Nicolaus;Daiki Nomura;T. Petäjä;E. Salganik;J. Schmale;Katrin Schmidt;K. Schulz;M. Shupe;J. Stefels;Linda Thielke;Sandra Tippenhauer;Adam Ulfsbo;M. V. van Leeuwe;M. Webster;Masaki Yoshimura;Liyang Zhan
北极夏季期间雪和海冰的快速融化为当地海洋表层提供了一个重要的低盐度融水来源。这些融水在浮冰上、下和周围的积累会导致上层海洋中相对较薄的融水层。由于这些上层海洋特征的小规模性质，通常在1米厚或更少的数量级，它们很少被标准方法检测到，但在北极夏季仍然普遍存在，至关重要。2020年夏季北极气候研究多学科漂流观测站（MOSAiC）考察期间的观测集中在这些层的演变上，并在了解它们在耦合北极系统中的作用方面取得了重大进展。在这里，我们提供了一个审查薄融水层在北极，重点是新的发现MOSAiC。先前和最近的观测数据表明，在海洋上层有一个间歇性但持续时间长（数周至数月）的融水层，厚度约为0.1米至1.0米，空间范围很大。融水层的存在通过减少底部冰融化并允许通过假底部生长形成新冰来影响物理系统。总的来说，融水层和假底减少了大气-海洋的动量、能量和物质交换。对耦合的北极系统的影响是深远的，包括成为养分和气体交换的障碍，影响生态系统的多样性和生产力。
The rapid melt of snow and sea ice during the Arctic summer provides a significant source of low-salinity meltwater to the surface ocean on the local scale. The accumulation of this meltwater on, under, and around sea ice floes can result in relatively thin meltwater layers in the upper ocean. Due to the small-scale nature of these upper-ocean features, typically on the order of 1 m thick or less, they are rarely detected by standard methods, but are nevertheless pervasive and critically important in Arctic summer. Observations during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition in summer 2020 focused on the evolution of such layers and made significant advancements in understanding their role in the coupled Arctic system. Here we provide a review of thin meltwater layers in the Arctic, with emphasis on the new findings from MOSAiC. Both prior and recent observational datasets indicate an intermittent yet long-lasting (weeks to months) meltwater layer in the upper ocean on the order of 0.1 m to 1.0 m in thickness, with a large spatial range. The presence of meltwater layers impacts the physical system by reducing bottom ice melt and allowing new ice formation via false bottom growth. Collectively, the meltwater layer and false bottoms reduce atmosphere-ocean exchanges of momentum, energy, and material. The impacts on the coupled Arctic system are far-reaching, including acting as a barrier for nutrient and gas exchange and impacting ecosystem diversity and productivity.