Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Feedstuffs of Dairy Cows and Estimation of Total Dietary Intakes
Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Feedstuffs of Dairy Cows and Estimation of Total Dietary Intakes
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DOI：
10.3168/jds.2008-1093
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发表时间：
2008-11-01
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Giffel, M. C. te
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Driehuis, F.;Spanjer, M. C.;Giffel, M. C. te
进行了一项调查，以确定荷兰奶牛饲料中霉菌毒素的发生率，并估计这些化合物的总膳食摄入量。对24个奶牛场进行了两次访问，并对所有饮食成分进行了采样。通过问卷调查收集采食量数据。采用液相色谱-串联质谱法对169份饲料样品进行了20种霉菌毒素的检测。青贮饲料和配合饲料是主要的日粮成分，平均分别占干物质摄入量的67%和23%。脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、玉米赤霉烯酮、罗克福汀C和霉酚酸是发病率最高的真菌毒素。青贮饲料、配合饲料和饲料商品样品中DON的发生率为38%至54%。玉米赤霉烯酮在青贮饲料、配合饲料和饲料商品样品中的发生率为17 - 38%。DON和玉米赤霉烯酮在饲料样品中的发生率较低，在青贮副产品样品中未检测到。罗克福汀C和麦考酚酸仅在青贮饲料和青贮副产品样品中检测到（发病率7至19%）。在2份配合饲料样品和1份饲料商品样品中检出伏马菌素B-1和B-2。在所有样品中均未检测到黄曲霉毒素B-1、B-2、G（1）和G（2）、赭曲霉毒素A、T-2和HT-2毒素、3-乙酰-DON、15-乙酰-DON、二乙酰氧基圈烯醇、杂色曲霉素、镰孢菌酮-X、麦角胺和青霉素酸。DON，玉米赤霉烯酮，roquefortine C，和霉酚酸的平均浓度分别为273，28，114，和54微克/公斤，完全饮食。最高浓度分别为969、203、2，211和1，840微克/千克。这些真菌毒素的计算平均日摄入量分别为5.0、0.5、2.0和0.9 mg/动物，最大日摄入量分别为19.3、3.5、38.9和32.3 mg/动物。玉米青贮饲料是饲料中所有4种真菌毒素的主要来源。极高浓度的roquefortine C和麦考酚酸（高达45和25毫克/公斤，分别）中检测到的玉米青贮饲料的表面层中的可见模塑区。这些区域似乎是饮食中罗克福汀C和麦考酚酸的主要来源。由于DON、玉米赤霉烯酮、罗克福汀C和麦考酚酸进入牛奶的残留可以忽略不计，因此认为饲料中的这些残留不会对消费者乳制品的安全性产生重大影响。对动物健康的潜在影响进行了讨论。
A survey was conducted to determine the occurrence of mycotoxins in feedstuffs of dairy cows in the Netherlands and to estimate total dietary intakes of these compounds. Twenty-four dairy farms were visited twice and samples taken of all diet ingredients. Feed intake data were collected by means of questionnaires. A total of 169 feed samples were collected and analyzed for 20 mycotoxins using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry multimethod. Silage and compound feed were the main diet ingredients, representing on average 67 and 23% of dry matter intake, respectively. Deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone, roquefortine C, and mycophenolic acid were the mycotoxins with the highest incidence. The incidence of DON in silage, compound feed, and feed commodity samples was 38 to 54%. The incidence of zearalenone in silage, compound feed, and feed commodity samples was 17 to 38%. The DON and zearalenone had a low incidence in forage samples and were not detected in ensiled by-product samples. Roquefortine C and mycophenolic acid were only detected in silage and ensiled by-product samples (incidence 7 to 19%). Fumonisins B-1 and B-2 were detected in 2 compound feed samples and one feed commodity sample. Aflatoxins B-1, B-2, G(1), and G(2), ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 toxin, 3-acetyl-DON, 15-acetyl-DON, diacetoxyscirpenol, sterigmatocystin, fusarenon-X, ergotamine, and penicillinic acid were not detected in any of the samples. Average concentrations of DON, zearalenone, roquefortine C, and mycophenolic acid in complete diets were 273, 28, 114, and 54 mu g/kg, respectively. Maximum concentrations were 969, 203, 2,211, and 1,840 mu g/kg, respectively. Calculated average daily intakes of these mycotoxins were 5.0, 0.5, 2.0, and 0.9 mg/animal, respectively, and maximum daily intakes 19.3, 3.5, 38.9, and 32.3 mg/animal, respectively. Corn silage was the major source of all 4 of these mycotoxins in the diet. Extremely high concentrations of roquefortine C and mycophenolic acid (up to 45 and 25 mg/kg, respectively) were detected in visibly molded areas in surface layers of corn silage. These areas appeared to be the main source of roquefortine C and mycophenolic acid in the diet. Because carry-over of DON, zearalenone, roquefortine C, and mycophenolic acid into milk is negligible, their occurrence in feedstuffs is not considered of significant concern with respect to the safety of dairy products for consumers. Potential implications for animal health are discussed.