CFC phase-out: have we met the challenge?
CFC phase-out: have we met the challenge?
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DOI：
10.1016/s0022-1139(02)00030-1
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发表时间：
2002-04
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
R. Powell
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Powell
1974年，诺贝尔奖获得者罗兰和莫利纳提出，氯氟烃(CFCs)足够稳定，可以到达平流层，在强烈的太阳辐射下，它们会释放氯原子，破坏平流层臭氧，保护地球表面免受紫外线的伤害。氯氟化碳行业为检验罗兰和莫利纳假说的科学研究和确定潜在替代品的方案提供了资金，氢氟碳化合物由此成为可能的候选者。5年后，根据现有的最佳科学证据，得出结论，平流层臭氧正在以每十年∼3%的速度消耗，但有足够的时间有序地逐步淘汰。尽管美国和其他一些国家停止在气雾剂中使用氯氟化碳，但直到1985年，在发现南极春季平流层臭氧消耗后，关于氯氟化碳的辩论重新开始，才做了进一步的工作。制造商重新启动了他们的研发方案；各国政府在1987年谈判了《蒙特利尔议定书》，同意部分淘汰各类氟氯化碳。由于后来的修正，现在发达国家已逐步淘汰各类氟氯化碳，氟氯烃将在今后二十年内逐步淘汰。本文回顾了已经取得的成就和仍需完成的工作。全球范围的努力在保护臭氧层方面取得了成功吗？是否为各类用途的氟氯化碳/氟氯烃找到了“可接受的”替代品？
In 1974 Nobel prize winners Rowland and Molina proposed that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were stable enough to reach the stratosphere, where, under intense solar radiation they released Cl atoms that could destroy stratospheric ozone protecting the earth’s surface from UV rays. The CFC industry funded both scientific studies to test the Rowland and Molina hypothesis and programmes to identify potential replacements, from which the HFCs emerged as likely candidates. After 5 years it was concluded, on the best scientific evidence available, that stratospheric ozone was being depleted at ∼3% per decade, but sufficient time was available for an orderly phase-out. Although the USA and a few other countries stopped the use of CFCs in aerosols little further work was done until 1985 when the CFC debate was renewed following the discovery of stratospheric ozone depletion over the Antarctic during its spring. Manufacturers restarted their R&D programmes; governments negotiated the Montreal Protocol in 1987 agreeing the partial phase-out of the CFCs. As a result of subsequent amendments CFCs have now been phased-out in the developed world and HCFCs will follow over the next two decades. This paper reviews what has been achieved and what remains to be done. Has the world-wide effort been successful in protecting the ozone layer? Have “acceptable” alternatives been found for the CFCs/HCFCs in their various applications?