The Agricultural Implements and Cutting Tools of Begemder and Semyen, Ethiopia
The Agricultural Implements and Cutting Tools of Begemder and Semyen, Ethiopia
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埃塞俄比亚贝格姆德尔和塞米延的农具和切削工具
DOI：
10.1086/soutjanth.14.4.3628933
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发表时间：
1958
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
F. Simoons
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
F. Simoons
B EGEMDER和SEMYEN2是埃塞俄比亚西北部的一个省。它的边界从凉爽、灌溉良好的埃塞俄比亚高原延伸到苏丹边境炎热干旱的低地。它与戈贾姆省南部大部分地区被塔纳湖和壮观的青尼罗河山谷(阿拜)隔开，在北部和东部与泰格尔省和沃尔洛省以及厄立特里亚之间被阿特巴拉的一条支流泰克扎伊河深深的峡谷隔开(见图1)。Begemder和Semyen的高原平均海拔7000英尺，有相当一部分超过9000英尺，最高点为15158英尺。在海拔5500英尺的高空，高原是一片宜人的草原，谷类和豆类田野交错排列，点缀着农业小村庄，每个村庄都有成群的牛、绵羊和山羊，以及驴、马和骡子。相比之下，海拔5500英尺以下的低地地区炎热干旱，疾病肆虐，人烟稀少，山羊和绵羊在这片土地上茁壮成长，但高原上的其他畜群动物却表现不佳。从公元前1000年到公元前400年，来自南阿拉伯的闪米特人入侵埃塞俄比亚北部并定居。闪米特人在该地区的黑人和讲库西特语的居民中定居，要么吸收他们，要么将他们赶到南方或不适宜居住的地区。最终，闪米特人分成了几个语言群体，其中最大的是阿姆哈拉人，他们今天构成了Begemder和Semyen的多数和领导群体。阿姆哈拉人是基督徒，尽管既有本土的穆斯林，也有以阿姆哈拉语为母语的犹太人(法拉沙)。在Begemder和Semyen仍然生存着三个孤立的说库什蒂克家族的Agow语言的群体：这些群体就是Agow
B EGEMDER AND SEMYEN2 is a province in northwest Ethiopia. Its boundaries extend from the cool, well-watered Ethiopian Plateau into the hot arid lowlands of the Sudan border. It is separated from Godjam Province to the south in large part by Lake T'ana and the spectacular valley of the Blue Nile (Abbai), and in the north and east from Tigre and Wollo Provinces and Eritrea by the deep gorge of the Tekezzay River, a tributary of the Atbara (see map, Fig. 1). The plateau in Begemder and Semyen averages 7000 feet elevation; there are considerable sections over 9000 and the highest point is 15,158 feet. Above 5500 feet the plateau is a pleasant grassland checkered with fields of cereals and pulses and dotted with agricultural hamlets and villages, each with its herds of cattle, sheep, and goats, its donkeys, horses, and mules. The lowland regions below 5500 feet, by contrast, are hot and arid, disease-ridden and sparsely settled, a land in which goats and sheep thrive, but where the other herd animals of the plateau do not do well. Northern Ethiopia was invaded and settled by Semitic-speaking peoples from South Arabia from 1000 to 400 B.C. The Semites settled among the Negro and Cushitic-speaking inhabitants of the area, either absorbing them or pushing them southward or into inhospitable sections. Eventually the Semites divided into several language groups, the largest of which is the Amhara who today constitute the majority and leading group of Begemder and Semyen. The Amhara are Christians, though there are both native Moslems and Jews (Falasha) whose mother tongue is Amharic. Still surviving in Begemder and Semyen are three isolated groups who speak the Agow language of the Cushitic family: these groups are the Agow