Extreme Risk Protection Orders Intended to Prevent Mass Shootings A Case Series
Extreme Risk Protection Orders Intended to Prevent Mass Shootings A Case Series
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DOI：
10.7326/m19-2162
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发表时间：
2019-11-05
影响因子：
39.2
通讯作者：
Tomsich, Elizabeth A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Wintemute, Garen J.;Pear, Veronica A.;Tomsich, Elizabeth A.
当迫在眉睫的枪支暴力风险很高时，采取紧急、个性化的干预措施来减少枪支使用，例如极端风险保护令（ERPO，俗称“红旗”令），可以提供快速、有针对性的应对措施。迄今为止的研究表明，此类干预措施最常用于预防自杀并且是有效的。授权立法通常是在公共大规模枪击事件发生后颁布的，但据我们所知，只有 2 起使用 ERPO 来防止大规模枪击事件的报道。加利福尼亚州颁布了美国第一部 ERPO 法规，于 2016 年 1 月生效。作者正在评估该法规的实施和有效性，并寻求获取 2016 年至 2018 年发生的所有 414 起案件的法庭记录。根据迄今为止收到的 159 份记录，本文提供了 21 起使用 ERPO 来防止大规模枪击案件的初步系列摘要和个人历史记录。大多数受试者是男性和非西班牙裔白人；平均年龄为35岁。大多数受试者都做出了明确的威胁并拥有枪支。其中 4 起案件主要与医疗或心理健康状况有关，另外 4 起也有此类情况。起获五十二支枪支。截至 2019 年 8 月初，没有发生任何威胁枪击事件，也没有发现受该命令影响的人员发生其他凶杀或自杀事件。如果没有发布 ERPO，就不可能知道是否会发生暴力行为，而且作者也没有声称存在因果关系。尽管如此，这些案例表明，这种紧急、个性化的干预措施可以在医疗机构和其他地方防止大规模枪击事件中发挥作用。进一步评估将会有所帮助。
Urgent, individualized interventions to reduce firearm access, such as extreme risk protection orders (ERPOs, colloquially known as "red flag" orders), provide a rapid, focused response when risk for imminent firearm violence is high. Studies to date suggest such interventions are most commonly used to prevent suicide and are effective. Authorizing legislation has often been enacted after public mass shootings but, to our knowledge, there have been only 2 reported cases of ERPO use in efforts to prevent mass shootings. California enacted the nation's first ERPO statute, which took effect in January 2016. The authors are evaluating that statute's implementation and effectiveness and are seeking to obtain court records for all 414 cases occurring in 2016 to 2018. Based on 159 records received thus far, this article presents an aggregate summary and individual histories for a preliminary series of 21 cases in which ERPOs were used in efforts to prevent mass shootings. Most subjects were male and non-Hispanic white; the mean age was 35 years. Most subjects made explicit threats and owned firearms. Four cases arose primarily in relation to medical or mental health conditions, and such conditions were noted in 4 others. Fifty-two firearms were recovered. As of early August 2019, none of the threatened shootings had occurred, and no other homicides or suicides by persons subject to the orders were identified. It is impossible to know whether violence would have occurred had ERPOs not been issued, and the authors make no claim of a causal relationship. Nonetheless, the cases suggest that this urgent, individualized intervention can play a role in efforts to prevent mass shootings, in health care settings and elsewhere. Further evaluation would be helpful.