Municipal regulation of residential landscapes across US cities: Patterns and implications for landscape sustainability
Municipal regulation of residential landscapes across US cities: Patterns and implications for landscape sustainability
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美国城市住宅景观的市政监管：景观可持续性的模式和影响
DOI：
10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111132
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
8.7
通讯作者：
Heffernan, James B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Larson, Kelli L.;Andrade, Riley;Nelson, Kristen C.;Wheeler, Megan M.;Engebreston, Jesse M.;Hall, Sharon J.;Avolio, Meghan L.;Groffman, Peter M.;Grove, Morgan;Heffernan, James B.
住宅景观（庭院和花园）的地方法规可以促进或限制城市生态系统的服务和危害。据我们所知，还没有研究全面考察市政当局如何规范住宅景观以实现特定目标和控制管理实践。在美国六个城市，我们分析了156项市政法规，以检查当地景观法规的区域模式及其对可持续性的影响。具体而言，我们进行了内容分析，以获取旨在以下方面的法规：1)与保护和环境管理、美学和避免滋扰以及健康和福祉有关的目标；2)包括植被维护、水和废物管理、食品生产和化学品投入在内的管理行动。我们的研究结果揭示了地方和区域法规的显著差异。虽然监管目标强调雨水管理和避免滋扰，但相对较少的市政当局明确监管住宅庭院，以保持财产价值，减轻热量或避免过敏原。与此同时，生物保护和水质保护是共同的目标，但关于庭院管理做法（例如，非本地植物或化学投入）的条例有时与这些目的相矛盾。此外，强调美观和维护植被、修剪草和杂草以及清除枯木的规定可能会阻碍野生动物友好的庭院。总的来说，景观条例在很大程度上忽略了相互作用的目标和结果之间的权衡，从而限制了它们支持景观可持续性的潜力。因此，建议包括通过规划者、开发商、研究人员和非政府实体在多个尺度上的伙伴关系进行协调、多目标的规划。
Local regulations on residential landscapes (yards and gardens) can facilitate or constrain ecosystem services and disservices in cities. To our knowledge, no studies have undertaken a comprehensive look at how municipalities regulate residential landscapes to achieve particular goals and to control management practices. Across six U.S. cities, we analyzed 156 municipal ordinances to examine regional patterns in local landscape regulations and their implications for sustainability. Specifically, we conducted content analysis to capture regulations aimed at: 1) goals pertaining to conservation and environmental management, aesthetics and nuisance avoidance, and health and wellbeing, and 2) management actions including vegetation maintenance, water and waste management, food production, and chemical inputs. Our results reveal significant variation in local and regional regulations. While regulatory goals stress stormwater management and nuisance avoidance, relatively few municipalities explicitly regulate residential yards to maintain property values, mitigate heat, or avoid allergens. Meanwhile, biological conservation and water quality protection are common goals, yet regulations on yard management practices (e.g., non-native plants or chemical inputs) sometimes contradict these purposes. In addition, regulations emphasizing aesthetics and the maintenance of vegetation, mowing of grass and weeds, as well as the removal of dead wood, may inhibit wildlife-friendly yards. As a whole, landscaping ordinances largely ignore tradeoffs between interacting goals and outcomes, thereby limiting their potential to support landscape sustainability. Recommendations therefore include coordinated, multiobjective planning through partnerships among planners, developers, researchers, and non-government entities at multiple scales.