Effects of shoreline armouring and overwater structures on coastal and estuarine fish: opportunities for habitat improvement
Effects of shoreline armouring and overwater structures on coastal and estuarine fish: opportunities for habitat improvement
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海岸线装甲和水上结构对沿海和河口鱼类的影响：栖息地改善的机会
DOI：
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Toft
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Munsch;Jeffery R. Cordell;J. Toft
总结
近岸生态系统越来越被认为是具有文化、生态和经济意义的鱼类的重要栖息地。这些生态系统通常密集地栖息着幼鱼，生产力高，是躲避捕食的避难所，生态学家将它们称为“苗圃”。然而，全球近岸生态系统正在发生转变，以满足不断增长的沿海人口的需求。许多海岸线都通过装甲（例如海堤、抛石）和水上结构（例如桥墩、船坞）进行改造，以最大限度地减少侵蚀，并促进滨水区的使用。这些改造通过重组、消除和遮蔽浅水区来影响近岸系统的生态。
在这里，我们回顾了研究装甲和水上结构对沿海和河口鱼类影响的文献，并讨论了研究和管理如何协调以尽量减少负面影响。
沿着装甲海岸线，鱼类群落与非装甲地点不同，鱼类消耗的表层和陆地猎物较少，海滩产卵不太成功，而且鱼类体型较大。在大型水上结构下，以视觉为导向的鱼类数量较少，进食也较少。水上建筑物的遮荫也阻碍了洄游鱼类的局部活动。因此，海岸线的改变通过限制摄食、繁殖、个体发育栖息地从浅水区向更深水域的转变以及连通性而损害了栖息地。
研究表明，恢复浅水区和基质复杂性，并最大限度地减少水上结构下方的阴影，可以恢复因海岸线改造而受损的栖息地。
合成与应用。海岸线装甲和水上结构经常损害鱼类栖息地。随着沿海人口的增长和海平面上升增加了对海岸线基础设施的需求，这些对近岸鱼类栖息地的威胁将变得更加严重。我们评估和恢复经过改造的海岸线的近岸鱼类栖息地的能力将通过以下方式得到增强： 将研究注意力集中在直接表明鱼类栖息地质量的指标上；实施和评估海岸线特征，以修复人类使用限制内受损的栖息地功能；整理近岸生态系统的自然历史知识；通过教育公众有关保护工作和促进对当地近岸生态系统的认识，拥抱栖息地改善的社会生态本质。当减少海岸线改造对鱼类影响的行动符合社会目标时，例如改善防洪和提供有利于娱乐、教育以及人与自然之间联系的空间，这些行动尤其可行。
Summary
Nearshore ecosystems are increasingly recognized as critical habitats for fish of cultural, ecological and economic significance. These ecosystems are often densely inhabited by juvenile fish, highly productive and refuges from predation, leading ecologists to characterize them as nurseries. However, nearshore ecosystems are being transformed globally to support demands of growing coastal populations. Many shorelines are modified by armouring (e.g. seawalls, riprap) that minimizes erosion, and overwater structures (e.g. piers, docks) that facilitate waterfront use. These modifications affect the ecology of nearshore systems by restructuring, eliminating and shading shallow waters.
Here, we review literature examining effects of armouring and overwater structures on coastal and estuarine fishes, and discuss how research and management can coordinate to minimize negative effects.
Along armoured shorelines, fish assemblages differed from unarmoured sites, fish consumed less epibenthic and terrestrial prey, beach spawning was less successful and fish were larger. Under large overwater structures, visually oriented fish were less abundant and they fed less. Shade from overwater structures also interrupted localized movements of migratory fish. Thus, shoreline modifications impaired habitats by limiting feeding, reproduction, ontogenetic habitat shifts from shallow to deeper waters and connectivity.
Research suggests that restoring shallow waters and substrate complexity, and minimizing shading underneath overwater structures, can rehabilitate habitats compromised by shoreline modifications.
Synthesis and applications. Shoreline armouring and overwater structures often compromise fish habitats. These threats to nearshore fish habitats will become more severe as growing coastal populations and rising sea levels increase demands for shoreline infrastructure. Our ability to assess and rehabilitate nearshore fish habitats along modified shorelines will be enhanced by: focusing research attention on metrics that directly indicate fish habitat quality; implementing and evaluating shoreline features that repair compromised habitat functions within human-use constraints; collating natural history knowledge of nearshore ecosystems; and embracing the socio-ecological nature of habitat improvements by educating the public about conservation efforts and fostering appreciation of local nearshore ecosystems. Actions to reduce impacts of shoreline modifications on fish are particularly feasible when they align with societal goals, such as improving flood protection and providing spaces that facilitate recreation, education, and connections between people and nature.