Transmembrane Delivery of Aggregated [Gd@C82(OH)22]n Nanoparticles
Transmembrane Delivery of Aggregated [Gd@C82(OH)22]n Nanoparticles
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聚集的[Gd@C82(OH)22]n纳米粒子的跨膜递送
DOI：
10.1166/jnn.2010.2490
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发表时间：
2010-12-01
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Fang, Xiaohong
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Zhang, Mingyi;Xing, Gengmei;Fang, Xiaohong
我们研究了多羟基金属富勒烯是否可以渗透到红细胞中，以及这种潜在的跨膜递送是否需要这些颗粒的聚集纳米结构。金属富勒烯中包裹的金属原子被用作定量标记，以研究聚集的纳米颗粒在细胞膜和细胞质中的体分布。原子力显微镜（AFM）图像和电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）分析表明，聚集的22 [Gd@C-82（OH）（22）]（n）粒子穿过细胞膜进入细胞质。将Gd纳米结构聚集成平均直径为22.4 +/-0.5 nm的小球。对于原始Gd@C-82分子，由于Gd原子的电子贡献，电子在碳笼表面的分布是局域化的。多羟基在Gd@C-82表面的亲电加成反应直接受电子局域分布的影响。这导致Gd纳米颗粒表面上的羟基局部分布。羟基的局部分布使Gd@C-82（OH）（22）在颗粒表面形成极性和非极性区域，使Gd@C-82（OH）（22）成为具有亲水性和疏水性的两亲分子。这些分子的两亲性促进了它们在水中的相互聚集。在聚集过程中，聚集纳米粒子的两亲性得到了很好的保持，亲水和疏水区域也在22，[Gd@C-82（OH）（22）]（n）粒子表面有规律地分布。当两亲性纳米粒子与红细胞膜直接接触时，疏水作用可有效地驱动两亲性纳米粒子附着于红细胞膜表面。当22，[Gd@C-82（OH）（22）]（n）纳米粒子附着在细胞膜上的数量达到一定阈值时，细胞膜会发生明显的弯曲张力。相应地改变了细胞的形状。增加的膜张力触发特定孔的突然打开，作为细胞膜对纳米颗粒效应的响应的结果，并且22 [Gd@C-82（OH）（22）]（n）纳米颗粒通过这些孔进入细胞。这一过程在生物学上独立于小窝介导的内吞或通过离子通道的转运途径。
We investigated whether multi-hydroxyl metallofullerenes can penetrate into erythrocyte and whether this potential transmembrane delivery requires aggregated nanostructure of these particles. The metal atom encapsulated in metallofullerenes was used as a quantitative marker to investigate body distribution of aggregated nanoparticles in cytomembrane and cytoplasm. Image of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and assay of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) suggested that aggregated 22 [Gd@C-82(OH)(22)](n) particles traversed through cytomembrane into belonged cytoplasm. Aggregated Gd nanostructure to small sphere with average diameter of, 22.4 +/- 0.5 nm. For pristine Gd@C-82 molecule, due to the electron donation from Gd atom, the distribution of electrons on the surface of carbon cage was localized. The electrophilic additive reaction of polyhydroxyl on the surface of Gd@C-82 was directly affected by local distribution of electrons. This resulted in local distribution of hydroxyls on the surface of Gd nanoparticles. Local distribution of hydroxyls brought about polar and nonpolar domains on particle surface, which induced Gd@C-82(OH)(22) to be amphiphilic molecule with due hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. Amphiphilic properties of these molecules promoted their mutual aggregation in water. In the process of aggregation, amphiphilic properties of aggregated nanoparticles were well maintained, and besides, hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains were also regularly distributed on the surface of 22, [Gd@C-82(OH)(22)](n) particles. The amphiphilic nanoparticles attached externally to cytomembrane of, erythrocyte might be effectively driven by hydrophobic effect when they directly contacted cytomembrane of erythrocyte. The number of 22, [Gd@C-82(OH)(22)](n) nanoparticles attached to cytomembrane,n reached up to a certain crilical threshold, a significant curvature tension of membrane would occur. The shape of cell was accordingly changed. Increased membrane tension triggered the sudden opening of specific pores as a result of cytmennbrane response to nanoparitcle effect and the 22 [Gd@C-82(OH)(22)](n) nanoparticles gained entry to cell via these pores. This process was biologically independent of caveolar-mediated endocytosis or transportation pathway via ion channels.