The smarter sex: A critical review of sex differences in intelligence
The smarter sex: A critical review of sex differences in intelligence
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1009027516424
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发表时间：
2000-06-01
影响因子：
10.1
通讯作者：
LaMay, ML
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Halpern, DF;LaMay, ML
虽然在一般智力方面没有性别差异，但在一些认知能力测试中发现了可靠的差异。许多评估在工作记忆中操纵视觉图像的能力的任务显示出男性的优势，而许多需要从长期记忆中提取以及获取和使用言语信息的任务则显示出女性的优势。在数学成绩的高级测试中也发现了有利于男性的巨大影响，特别是在高度选择的样本中。男性在某些类型的智力迟钝中也占很大比例。影响大小是可变的，而且往往很大。这些差异通常存在于不同文化和不同的生命周期中。先天-后天二分法被拒绝作为一个解释框架。根据最近的研究结果，环境变量改变智力的生物基础，个人积极参与创造他们的环境，我们更喜欢一个心理生物社会模型来理解智力的性别差异。
Although there are no sex differences in general intelligence, reliable differences are found on some tests of cognitive abilities. Many of the tasks that assess the ability to manipulate visual images in working memory show an advantage for males, whereas many of the tasks that require retrieval from long-term memory and the acquisition and use of verbal information show a female advantage. Large effects favoring males are also found on advanced tests of mathematical achievement, especially with highly select samples. Males are also overrepresented in some types of mental retardation. Effects sizes are variable and often large. These differences are generally found cross-culturally and across the life span. The nature-nurture dichotomy is rejected as an interpretive framework. In light of recent findings that environmental variables alter the biological underpinnings of intelligence and individuals actively participate in creating their environments, we prefer a psychobiosocial model for understanding sex differences in intelligence.