Global change ecotoxicology: Identification of early life history bottlenecks in marine invertebrates, variable species responses and variable experimental approaches
Global change ecotoxicology: Identification of early life history bottlenecks in marine invertebrates, variable species responses and variable experimental approaches
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DOI：
10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.10.004
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发表时间：
2012-05-01
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Byrne, M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Byrne, M.
气候变化对海洋生物群构成威胁，因为大气中二氧化碳的增加导致海洋变暖、酸化、高碳酸血症和碳酸盐饱和度下降。这些应激源对无脊椎动物的发育具有毒性作用。种群的持久性和成功需要成功完成所有个体发育阶段，并且由于它们对环境压力因素的敏感性，发育阶段可能是不断变化的海洋中的种群瓶颈。全球变化生态毒理学被用来确定易受气候变化影响的海洋无脊椎动物发育阶段。这项研究概述以及所使用的方法表明，尽管发育耐热性的研究历史悠久，但大多数研究都集中在酸化上，很少有关于海洋变暖的研究。压力源的交互作用研究很少。不同研究的实验方法有所不同。尽管不同的方法混淆了研究间的比较，但许多物种的受精表现出对变暖和/或酸化的广泛耐受性。早期发育对变暖敏感，大多数钙化幼虫对酸化/pCO(2) 增加敏感。在多重应激源研究中，适度变暖可以减少酸化对某些物种钙化的负面影响。非钙化幼虫的发育似乎能够适应近期的海洋变化。尽管物种对海洋变化压力源敏感性的差异无疑反映了不同的耐受水平，但对配子、胚胎和幼虫的不一致处理可能会影响不同的研究结果。由于综合的“发育多米诺骨牌效应”，生活史反应将受到实验孵化开始的个体发育阶段的影响。需要在多重应激实验中从早期发育（可能的情况下受精）开始暴露于气候变化应激，以确定个体发育的敏感性，这将通过更一致的方法来促进。 (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。
Climate change is a threat to marine biota because increased atmospheric CO2 is causing ocean warming, acidification, hypercapnia and decreased carbonate saturation. These stressors have toxic effects on invertebrate development. The persistence and success of populations requires all ontogenetic stages be completed successfully and, due to their sensitivity to environmental stressors, developmental stages may be a population bottleneck in a changing ocean. Global change ecotoxicology is being used to identify the marine invertebrate developmental stages vulnerable to climate change. This overview of research, and the methodologies used, shows that most studies focus on acidification, with few studies on ocean warming, despite a long history of research on developmental thermotolerance. The interactive effects of stressors are poorly studied. Experimental approaches differ among studies. Fertilization in many species exhibits a broad tolerance to warming and/or acidification, although different methodologies confound inter-study comparisons. Early development is susceptible to warming and most calcifying larvae are sensitive to acidification/increased pCO(2). In multistressor studies moderate warming diminishes the negative impact of acidification on calcification in some species. Development of non-calcifying larvae appears resilient to near-future ocean change. Although differences in species sensitivities to ocean change stressors undoubtedly reflect different tolerance levels, inconsistent handling of gametes, embryos and larvae probably influences different research outcomes. Due to the integrative 'developmental domino effect', life history responses will be influenced by the ontogenetic stage at which experimental incubations are initiated. Exposure to climate change stressors from early development (fertilization where possible) in multistressor experiments is needed to identify ontogenetic sensitivities and this will be facilitated by more consistent methodologies. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.