Verbal Control in Human Operant Behavior
Verbal Control in Human Operant Behavior
复制标题
人类操作行为的言语控制
DOI：
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发表时间：
1978
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Bagshaw
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Harzem;C. Lowe;M. Bagshaw
在四个实验中，研究了影响人类操作性反应的变量。在每种情况下，使用响应启动的固定间隔计划，其中固定间隔由强化后的第一个响应启动。实验1比较了反应具有两种不同功能时的表现：一种是观察增强的可用性功能，另一种是直接增强的产生功能。观察响应条件而非直接强化条件导致长时间的强化后停顿，类似于其他物种在该时间表上的表现。实验二探讨了先前暴露于固定间隔时间表的影响。这导致在直接加筋条件下也会出现长时间的加筋后暂停。在实验3中，在强化后暂停期间提供外部刺激。这消除了强化后的停顿，但当刺激被移除时，停顿又出现了。在实验4中，实验条件保持不变，但给出了不同的口头指示，这表明反应要么具有观察功能，要么直接产生强化。观察反应指令而非直接强化指令导致强化后长时间停顿。每次实验结束时对问卷的回答表明，实验的表现取决于受试者对实验的口头表述。在每种情况下，那些将情境描述为时间规律性的人在强化后都会产生长时间的停顿，而那些将情境描述为反应-强化偶然性的人在强化后不会停顿。
Variables that affect the operant responding of humans were investigated in four experiments. In each case a response-initiated fixed-interval schedule was used in which the fixed-interval was initiated by the first response after reinforcement. Experiment 1 compared performance when responses had two different functions: an observing function as to availability of reinforcement, and a direct reinforcement-producing function. The observing response condition but not the direct reinforcement condition resulted in long postreinforcement pauses, similar to the performance of other species on this schedule. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of prior exposure to a fixed- interval schedule. This resulted in long postreinforcement pauses occurring also in the direct reinforcement condition. In Experiment 3, an external stimulus was provided during the postreinforcement pause. This eliminated the postreinforcement pauses, but pauses reemerged when the stimulus was removed. Experimental conditions were held constant in Experiment 4, but different verbal instructions were given, suggesting that responses either had an observing function or directly produced reinforcement. The observing response instructions but not the direct reinforcement instructions resulted in long postreinforcement pauses. Replies to questionnaires at the end of each experiment suggested that performance depended on a subject’s verbal formulation of the experiment. In every case, those who verbalized the situation as one of temporal regularity produced long postreinforcement pauses, and those who verbalized it as one of response-reinforcement contingency did not pause after reinforcement.