Evaluating the energy impact potential of energy efficiency measures for retrofit applications: A case study with U.S. medium office buildings
Evaluating the energy impact potential of energy efficiency measures for retrofit applications: A case study with U.S. medium office buildings
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DOI：
10.1007/s12273-021-0765-z
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发表时间：
2021-03
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Y. Ye;K. Hinkelman;Yingli Lou;W. Zuo;Gang Wang;Jian Zhang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Y. Ye;K. Hinkelman;Yingli Lou;W. Zuo;Gang Wang;Jian Zhang
为了量化能源改造项目的各种能源效率措施(EEM)的节能效果，通常需要进行能源审计和详细的整个建筑的能源模型来评估EEM；然而，这对于中小型建筑来说往往是成本高昂的。为了给假设具有共同基线特征的项目提供明确的指导方针，本文应用敏感性分析方法来评估单个EEM的影响，并将这些组合成包，以产生跨越美国15个气候区的样机中型办公楼的深度节能。我们首先为每个气候带建立一个基准模型，然后为每个EEM建立9个候选环境模型，每个环境模型的效率水平都不同。定义了年用电强度、年天然气使用强度和年能源成本三个能源绩效指标。然后，应用标准回归系数(SRC)灵敏度分析方法，确定各EEM对3个EPI的灵敏度，并计算各EEM的相对灵敏度，以评价其对能源的影响。对于选定的能效水平范围，结果表明，在大多数气候区，对能源影响较高(即，较高灵敏度)的环境因素是高性能窗户、减少室内照明功率、减少室内插头和工艺负荷。然而，EMM的敏感性也因气候区域和EPI而异；例如，改进不透明的围护结构隔热以及冷却和加热系统的效率被发现在寒冷和炎热的气候中具有很高的能量影响。
Quantifying the energy savings of various energy efficiency measures (EEMs) for an energy retrofit project often necessitates an energy audit and detailed whole building energy modeling to evaluate the EEMs; however, this is often cost-prohibitive for small and medium buildings. In order to provide a defined guideline for projects with assumed common baseline characteristics, this paper applies a sensitivity analysis method to evaluate the impact of individual EEMs and groups these into packages to produce deep energy savings for a sample prototype medium office building across 15 climate zones in the United States. We start with one baseline model for each climate zone and nine candidate EEMs with a range of efficiency levels for each EEM. Three energy performance indicators (EPIs) are defined, which are annual electricity use intensity, annual natural gas use intensity, and annual energy cost. Then, a Standard Regression Coefficient (SRC) sensitivity analysis method is applied to determine the sensitivity of each EEM with respect to the three EPIs, and the relative sensitivity of all EEMs are calculated to evaluate their energy impacts. For the selected range of efficiency levels, the results indicate that the EEMs with higher energy impacts (i.e., higher sensitivity) in most climate zones are high-performance windows, reduced interior lighting power, and reduced interior plug and process loads. However, the sensitivity of the EEMs also vary by climate zone and EPI; for example, improved opaque envelope insulation and efficiency of cooling and heating systems are found to have a high energy impact in cold and hot climates.