The importance of community‐based informal water supply systems in the developing world and the need for formal sector support
The importance of community‐based informal water supply systems in the developing world and the need for formal sector support
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发展中国家以社区为基础的非正规供水系统的重要性以及正规部门支持的必要性
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
E. Nel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
E. S. Liddle;S. Mager;E. Nel
以地表水和浅井为特征的非正式社区供水是发展中国家城市地区的主要供水来源。正规部门的供应未能将其服务扩展到许多城市地区，但正规部门继续认为这些以社区为基础的做法是小规模、传统和“落后”的，必须从城市地区根除。虽然正规部门继续理想化完全基于管网扩张的“现代基础设施理想”的概念，但本文反对这一理想，相反，它为正规部门与发展中国家非正式社区供水技术之间的“制度性隔膜”提供了机会。基于访谈和问卷调查数据，本文以赞比亚恩多拉市为例，展示了社区内部对正规部门失败的反应能力，以及非正式供水系统在未来发展中城市供水政策中的价值。恩多拉的非正式供水很多，当地社区利用他们原有的农村习俗，根据城市的情况调整这些习俗，以便在城市中供水；因此，现在主要是手工挖浅井供水。这些做法在提供日常用水方面取得了成功，但仍然存在挑战，例如通过适当的水井保护确保安全的水质。这就是正规部门参与以社区为基础的非正规供水的机会；正规部门不应旨在将非正规地区的居民排斥在城市中心之外，而应采用并更好地支持非正规地区使用的技术，例如通过井保护教育和提供资源，以帮助实现关于安全饮用水的千年发展目标。
Informal community-based supply, characterised by abstractions from surface water and shallow wells, is the main water supply source in the urban areas of developing nations. Formal sector supply has failed to extend their services to many urban areas yet the formal sector continues to view these community-based practices as small-scale, traditional and ‘backward’, and ones that must be eradicated from urban areas. While the formal sector continues to idealise the notion of the ‘modern infrastructure ideal’, based solely upon the expansion of piping networks, this paper argues against this ideal, instead presenting an opportunity for ‘institutional bricolage’ between the formal sector and the techniques that have arisen as a part of informal community-based water supply in developing nations. Based on interview and questionnaire data, this paper uses the city of Ndola, Zambia to demonstrate the resilience that has arisen within communities as a response to the failure of the formal sector, and hence the value of informal supply systems in the future water provisioning policies for developing cities. Informal supply is abundant in Ndola and local communities have taken their pre-existing rural customs and adapted these to provide water in the urban context; so that hand dug shallow wells now dominate supply. These practices have been successful in providing daily water, however, challenges remain, for example ensuring safe water quality with appropriate well protection. Herein lies the opportunity for the formal sector to become involved in informal community-based supply; instead of aiming to marginalise the residents of informal areas out of urban centres, the formal sector should adopt and better support the techniques used in informal areas, for example, through well protection education and provision of resources, to help in achieving the MDG for safe water.