CRITICAL REVIEW OF PREVIOUSLY REPORTED ANIMAL STUDIES OF TUMOR IMMUNOTHERAPY WITH NON‐SPECIFIC IMMUNOSTIMULANTS
CRITICAL REVIEW OF PREVIOUSLY REPORTED ANIMAL STUDIES OF TUMOR IMMUNOTHERAPY WITH NON‐SPECIFIC IMMUNOSTIMULANTS
复制标题
对之前报道的非特异性免疫刺激剂肿瘤免疫治疗动物研究的严格审查
DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb41692.x
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发表时间：
1976
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
H. Rapp
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Bast;B. Bast;H. Rapp
多种免疫刺激剂可影响已建立的同基因肿瘤移植物和自体肿瘤的生长。这些免疫刺激剂包括活的生物体、非活的细菌产物和化学确定的化合物（表1）。病毒和细菌内毒素也可以抑制肿瘤生长，但目前尚不清楚，他们主要是免疫刺激剂，并考虑其复杂的作用模式超出了本审查的范围。在过去的十年中，已经有许多尝试通过单独使用或与肿瘤细胞疫苗组合使用免疫刺激剂来治愈豚鼠、小鼠、大鼠、仓鼠、牛和灵长类动物中建立的同源或自体肿瘤。已经积累了大量的文献，并且在确定最佳免疫治疗的条件方面取得了进展。然而，目前，我们用主动免疫疗法控制肿瘤生长的能力是有限的。除了少数显著的例外，全身免疫治疗未能使可触及的肿瘤完全消退。用卡介苗（BCG）和棒状杆菌的局部免疫疗法可以治愈小肿瘤结节并刺激全身肿瘤特异性免疫，但这种方法依赖于在肿瘤细胞附近引入免疫刺激剂，这在临床实践中通常难以实现。即使可以保证直接接触，一些肿瘤细胞系已被证明对局部免疫疗法具有抗性。鉴于这些局限性，重要的是要严格检查免疫刺激剂有效的系统，以确定可能有助于人类癌症免疫治疗成功的因素。
A variety of immunostimulants can affect the growth of established syngeneic tumor transplants and autochthonous neoplasms. These immunostimulants include viable organisms, nonviable bacterial products, and chemically defined compounds (TABLE 1 ) . Viruses and bacterial endotoxins can also inhibit tumor growth, but it is not clear that they are primarily immunostimulants, and consideration of their complex mode of action is beyond the scope of this review. Over the last decade, there have been numerous attempts to cure established syngeneic or autochthonous tumors in guinea pigs, mice, rats, hamsters, cows, and primates by use of immunostimulants, alone or in combination with tumor cell vaccines. A substantial literature has accumulated, and progress has been made toward defining conditions for optimal immunotherapy. At present, however, our ability to control tumor growth with active immunotherapy is modest. With a few significant exceptions, systemic immunotherapy has failed to produce complete regression of palpable neoplasms. Local immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Gukrin (BCG) and the corynebacteria can cure small tumor nodules and stimulate systemic tumor-specific immunity, but this approach depends on the introduction of an immunostimulant in close proximity to tumor cells, which is often difficult to achieve in clinical practice. Even when direct contact can be assured, some tumor lines have proven resistant to local immunotherapy. Given these limitations, it seems important to examine critically those systems where immunostimulants have been effective in order to identify factors that are likely to contribute to successful immunotherapy in human cancer.