Childhood conditions, migration, and mortality: migrants and natives in 19th-century cities.
Childhood conditions, migration, and mortality: migrants and natives in 19th-century cities.
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童年条件、移民和死亡率：19 世纪城市中的移民和当地人。
DOI：
10.1080/19485565.2005.9989108
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Oris,Michel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alter,George;Oris,Michel
尽管移民的社会和经济特征相对不利，但他们的死亡率往往低于当地人。虽然由于健康工人的选择性迁移，移民具有短期优势，但移民和当地人之间持续的健康和死亡率差异可能是童年不同经历的长期影响。我们利用了19世纪中期农村向城市移民的自然实验。城市地区的死亡率要高得多，特别是在快速发展的工业城市。移徙者通常来自较健康的农村，是年轻的成年人。本研究中使用的数据来自19世纪比利时人口登记，描述了两个地点：一个快速发展的工业城市和一个成为工业郊区的小镇。我们发现了导致移民和当地人死亡率差异的三个过程的证据。首先，新移民的死亡率低于本地人，因为他们在到达时是自我选择的健康状况。这种优势随着在目的地停留的时间而减少。第二，来自农村背景的移民在流行年份处于不利地位，因为他们对这些疾病的经验较少。第三，来自农村地区的移徙者，即使是在10年前移徙的，其年龄较大（而非较年轻）的死亡率也较低。我们将其解释为儿童期较少接触疾病的长期后果。
Migrants often have lower mortality than natives in spite of relatively unfavorable social and economic characteristics. Although migrants have a short‐run advantage due to the selective migration of healthy workers, persistent health and mortality differences between migrants and natives may be long‐run effects of different experiences in childhood. We made use of a natural experiment resulting from rural‐to‐urban migration in the mid‐19th century. Mortality was much higher in urban areas, especially in rapidly growing industrial cities. Migrants usually came from healthier rural origins as young adults. Data used in this study is available from 19th‐century Belgian population registers describing two sites: a rapidly growing industrial city and a small town that became an industrial suburb. We found evidence of three processes that lead to differences between the mortality of migrants and natives. First, recent migrants had lower mortality than natives, because they were self‐selected for good health when they arrived. This advantage decreased with time spent in the destination. Second, migrants from rural backgrounds had a disadvantage in epidemic years, because they had less experience with these diseases. Third, migrants from rural areas had lower mortality at older (but not younger) ages, even if they had migrated more than 10 years earlier. We interpret this as a long‐run consequence of less exposure to disease in childhood.