Elite competitive swimmers exhibit higher motor cortical inhibition and superior sensorimotor skills in a water environment
Elite competitive swimmers exhibit higher motor cortical inhibition and superior sensorimotor skills in a water environment
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112835
复制
发表时间：
2020-08
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
D. Sato;Y. Yamazaki;K. Yamashiro;H. Onishi;Y. Baba;Koyuki Ikarashi;A. Maruyama
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Sato;Y. Yamazaki;K. Yamashiro;H. Onishi;Y. Baba;Koyuki Ikarashi;A. Maruyama
运动技能学习导致任务相关的情境行为变化，这些变化是由神经可塑性皮层重组支撑的。短期训练诱导环境相关的情境行为变化和初级运动皮层（M1）的神经可塑性变化。然而，目前尚不清楚环境相关的情境行为变化是否在长期训练后持续存在，以及皮质可塑性变化如何参与行为。为了解决这些问题，我们调查了14名精英竞技游泳运动员和14名新手。我们假设，游泳者的感觉运动技能将高于在水环境中的新手，和招聘的皮质脊髓和皮质内的预测将是不同的游泳者和新手之间。我们评估了关节角度调制性能作为一种行为措施和运动皮层的兴奋和抑制，使用经颅磁刺激（TMS）在休息和任务期间进行之前，期间和之后的水浸（WI）。运动皮层抑制的测量与短时间间隔皮层内抑制和长时间间隔皮层内抑制的配对脉冲TMS范式。我们发现：1）在水环境中进行长期训练的游泳运动员的感觉运动技能与新手相比，在陆地上、WI期间、WI后的陆地上的感觉运动技能具有上级优势，并且没有显著变化; 2）与在陆地上相比，游泳运动员在水环境中的皮质内抑制增加，而非游泳运动员在休息时的皮质内抑制减少;然而，在水环境中皮质内抑制的后一种改变不足以解释游泳者的上级感觉运动技能。总之，我们表明，环境相关的上下文行为和神经的变化发生，即使有长期的训练经验。
Motor skill learning leads to task-related contextual behavioral changes that are underpinned by neuroplastic cortical reorganization. Short-term training induces environment-related contextual behavioral changes and neuroplastic changes in the primary motor cortex (M1). However, it is unclear whether environment-related contextual behavioral changes persist after long-term training and how cortical plastic changes are involved in behavior. To address these issues, we examined 14 elite competitive swimmers and 14 novices. We hypothesized that the sensorimotor skills of swimmers would be higher in a water environment than those of novices, and the recruitment of corticospinal and intracortical projections would be different between swimmers and novices. We assessed joint angle modulation performance as a behavioral measure and motor cortical excitation and inhibition using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) at rest and during the tasks that were performed before, during, and after water immersion (WI). Motor cortical inhibition was measured with short-interval intracortical inhibition and long-interval intracortical inhibition by a paired-pulse TMS paradigm. We found that 1) the sensorimotor skills of swimmers who underwent long-term training in a water environment were superior and robustly unchanged compared with those of novices with respect to baseline on land, during WI, on land post-WI and 2) intracortical inhibition in water environments was increased in swimmers but was decreased in non-swimmers at rest compared to that on land; however, the latter alterations in intracortical inhibition in water environment were insufficient to account for the superior sensorimotor skills of swimmers. In conclusion, we demonstrate that environment-related contextual behavioral and neural changes occur even with long-term training experience.