THE OTTAWA PRENATAL PROSPECTIVE-STUDY (OPPS) - METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES AND FINDINGS - ITS EASY TO THROW THE BABY OUT WITH THE BATH WATER
THE OTTAWA PRENATAL PROSPECTIVE-STUDY (OPPS) - METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES AND FINDINGS - ITS EASY TO THROW THE BABY OUT WITH THE BATH WATER
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DOI：
10.1016/0024-3205(95)00203-i
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发表时间：
1995-05-05
期刊：
影响因子：
6.1
通讯作者：
FRIED, PA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
FRIED, PA
在OPPS中，我们自1978年以来一直在研究怀孕期间使用大麻的影响。研究对象主要是在怀孕早期加入研究的中产阶级、低风险女性。在怀孕期间和产后多次收集了广泛的人口统计和生活方式信息。在新生儿期，对后代进行反复评估，至少每年一次，直到6岁，此后频率较低。结果测量包括各种适合年龄的标准化全球测量，以及大量神经心理学测试，试图评估特定领域内的离散功能，包括语言发展、记忆、视觉/感知功能、阅读组成部分和持续注意力。结果表明，在新生儿中，状态改变和视觉反应的改变可能与子宫内暴露于大麻有关。全球措施，特别是1至3岁之间的措施，没有显示出与产前接触大麻有关。然而，在儿童早期这种最初的、明显的没有效果不应该被解释为在子宫内接触大麻只有短暂的影响，因为随着儿童年龄的增长，大麻和对照儿童在神经心理功能方面确实有所区别。与四岁及以上的产前大麻接触相关的领域包括行为问题增加，视觉感知任务、语言理解、持续注意力和记忆力的表现下降。这些缺陷出现的性质和时间与产前大麻暴露影响“执行功能”的概念是一致的-目标导向的行为，包括计划，有组织的搜索和冲动控制。这种解释将与现有的动物和非怀孕成年使用者的文献一致，这些文献表明，长期使用大麻可能会影响前额叶功能。
In the OPPS we have been studying the effects of marihuana used during pregnancy since 1978. The subjects are primarily middle-class, low risk women who entered the study early in their pregnancy. Extensive demographic and life-style information was gathered several times during pregnancy and postnatally. The offspring have been assessed repeatedly during the neonatal period, at least annually until the age of 6 and less frequently thereafter. The outcome measures include a variety of age appropriate standardized global measures as well as a large battery of neuropsychological tests attempting to assess discrete functioning within particular domains including language development, memory, visual/perceptual functioning, components of reading and sustained attention. The results suggest that in the neonate, state alterations and altered visual responsiveness may be associated with in utero exposure to marihuana. Global measures, particularly between the ages of 1 and 3 years, did not reveal an association with prenatal marihuana exposure. However, this initial, apparent absence of effect during early childhood should not be interpreted as in utero marihuana exposure having only transient effects for, as the children became older, aspects of neuropsychological functioning did discriminate between marihuana and control children. Domains associated with prenatal marihuana exposure at four years of age and older included increased behavioral problems and decreased performance on visual perceptual tasks, language comprehension, sustained attention and memory. The nature and the timing of the appearance of these deficits is congruent with the notion of prenatal marihuana exposure affecting 'executive functioning' - goal directed behavior that includes planning, organized search, and impulse control. Such an interpretation would be consistent with the extant literature with animals and non-pregnant adult users suggesting that chronic marihuana use may impact upon prefrontal lobe functioning.