The origins of acquired immune deficiency syndrome viruses: where and when?
The origins of acquired immune deficiency syndrome viruses: where and when?
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2001.0863
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发表时间：
2001-06-29
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Hahn, BH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sharp, PM;Bailes, E;Hahn, BH
在缺乏直接流行病学证据的情况下，灵长类慢病毒的分子进化研究提供了关于人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）-1和HIV-2起源的最明确的信息。相关的慢病毒已被发现感染撒哈拉以南非洲的许多灵长类动物物种。唯一自然感染与HIV-2密切相关的病毒的物种是西非的白眉猴（Cercocebus atys），该地区已知HIV-2是地方病。同样，唯一与HIV-1非常密切相关的病毒是从黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）中分离出来的，特别是赤道非洲西部的黑猩猩，这也恰好是HIV-1流行病的发源地。HIV-1和HIV-2都出现过几次：就HIV-1而言，三组（M、N和O）是独立的跨物种传播事件的结果。与1959年“化石”病毒的系统发育位置一致，使用HIV-1序列进化的现实模型进行的分子时钟分析将M组的最后共同祖先定位在1940年之前，并且多条证据表明从黑猩猩到人类的跳跃发生在那之前。推断的HIV-1的地理来源和跨物种传播的时间都不符合口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗的建议，即20世纪50年代末被赤道非洲东部黑猩猩的病毒污染的脊髓灰质炎疫苗可能是获得性免疫缺陷综合征的起源。
In the absence of direct epidemiological evidence, molecular evolutionary studies of primate lentiviruses provide the most definitive information about the origins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-2. Related lentiviruses have been found infecting numerous species of primates in sub-Saharan Africa. The only species naturally infected with viruses closely related to HIV-2 is the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys) from western Africa, the region where HIV-2 is known to be endemic. Similarly, the only viruses very closely related to HIV-1 have been isolated from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and in particular those from western equatorial Africa, again coinciding with the region that appears to be the hearth of the HIV-1 pandemic. HIV-1 and HIV-2 have each arisen several times: in the case of HIV-1, the three groups (M, N and O) are the result of independent cross-species transmission events. Consistent with the phylogenetic position of a 'fossil' virus from 1959, molecular clock analyses using realistic models of HIV-1 sequence evolution place the last common ancestor of the M group prior to 1940, and several lines of evidence indicate that the jump from chimpanzees to humans occurred before then. Both the inferred geographical origin of HIV-1 and the timing of the cross-species transmission are inconsistent with the suggestion that oral polio vaccines, putatively contaminated with viruses from chimpanzees in eastern equatorial Africa in the late 1950s, could be responsible for the origin of acquired immune deficiency syndrome.