Chimpanzee ethnography reveals unexpected cultural diversity
Chimpanzee ethnography reveals unexpected cultural diversity
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DOI：
10.1038/s41562-020-0890-1
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发表时间：
2020-05-25
影响因子：
29.9
通讯作者：
Kuehl, Hjalmar S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Boesch, Christophe;Kalan, Ammie K.;Kuehl, Hjalmar S.
人类的人种学知识涵盖了数百个社会，而黑猩猩的人种学知识最多只涵盖了15个社区。利用白蚁捕捞作为一个窗口，黑猩猩文化多样性的丰富性，我们解决了一个潜在的抽样偏差与非洲39个额外的社区。以前，白蚁捕捞已知从八个地点与两个不同的技术观察到只有两个社区。在这里，我们添加了9个以前没有研究过的白蚁捕捞社区，揭示了38种不同的技术元素，以及3到7种元素的社区特定组合。其中30个没有生态限制，允许调查黑猩猩白蚁捕捞文化。个体之间共享的元素的数量和组合在社区内比在社区之间更相似，从而通过社会模仿支持社区多数服从。社区特有的元素组合的变化与人类问候规范或问候礼仪的文化多样性平行。我们认为，野生黑猩猩的白蚁捕捞显示出累积的文化多样性的一些元素。一项新的研究表明，黑猩猩拥有高度多样性的白蚁捕捞文化，在群体之间差异很大。个体高度一致地复制群体特有的技术及其组合，以保持独特的群体文化。
Human ethnographic knowledge covers hundreds of societies, whereas chimpanzee ethnography encompasses at most 15 communities. Using termite fishing as a window into the richness of chimpanzee cultural diversity, we address a potential sampling bias with 39 additional communities across Africa. Previously, termite fishing was known from eight locations with two distinguishable techniques observed in only two communities. Here, we add nine termite-fishing communities not studied before, revealing 38 different technical elements, as well as community-specific combinations of three to seven elements. Thirty of those were not ecologically constrained, permitting the investigation of chimpanzee termite-fishing culture. The number and combination of elements shared among individuals were more similar within communities than between them, thus supporting community-majority conformity via social imitation. The variation in community-specific combinations of elements parallels cultural diversity in human greeting norms or chopstick etiquette. We suggest that termite fishing in wild chimpanzees shows some elements of cumulative cultural diversity.A new study shows that chimpanzees possess a highly diverse culture of termite fishing that differs strongly among groups. Individuals copy group-specific techniques, and their combinations, with high conformity to maintain a unique group culture.