China’s Largest Scale Ecological Migration in the Three-River Headwater Region
China’s Largest Scale Ecological Migration in the Three-River Headwater Region
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DOI：
10.1007/s13280-010-0054-z
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发表时间：
2010-06
期刊：
影响因子：
6.5
通讯作者：
Zongming Wang;K. Song;Liangjun Hu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zongming Wang;K. Song;Liangjun Hu
在过去的三十年里，中国的经济增长在主要国家中是最快的。然而，其环境退化也在加速（Liu和Diamond，2008年）。为了缓解环境退化，中国一直在实施大规模的保护计划，包括重点防护林建设计划，京津沙尘暴控制计划，野生动物保护和自然保护区发展计划（欧阳2007），森林生态补偿计划（中国财政部和中国国家林业局，2007年），天然林保护计划，以及退耕还绿色计划（Zhang et al. 1999; Xu et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2008）。三江源地区位于中国青藏高原的核心地带，面积36.3万平方公里，平均海拔4,200米。它是世界上海拔最高、生物多样性最丰富的地区，拥有中国海拔最高、面积最大的湿地（委员会2009）。TRH地区，被称为中国，甚至亚洲的水塔，是长江（长江，中国最长的河流，世界第三长），黄河（黄河，中国第二长河，被称为中华文明的摇篮）和澜沧江（澜沧江，一条国际河流，在中国以外被称为湄公河）的源头。该地区提供了长江水量的25%、黄河水量的49%和澜沧江水量的15%（Qin等人，2008年）。2000年，中国政府建立了面积为152，300平方公里的TRH保护区，比英格兰和威尔士的土地面积加起来还要大，以保护这一最独特和脆弱的生态系统。TRH地区遭受全球变暖和人类活动强度和范围的爆炸性增长（过度放牧，偷猎植物和野生动物，金矿开采等）。(Zhao Zhou 2005）。牧场严重过度放牧，58%的牧场中度至严重退化。水土流失面积约占该地区总面积的26.5%。鼠患普遍，每公顷鼠洞数为1，335个。河流的吃水天数正在增加（Lu 2007）。在过去的50年里，年均径流量减少了20%以上（青海省政府2005年）。近五分之一的物种受到威胁（蔡2008）。环境恶化也造成了经济损失，甚至带来了所谓的“生态难民”。例如，玛多县在20世纪80年代初是全国最富有的县之一，但现在却成为10个最贫穷的县之一，主要原因是过度放牧造成的生态退化（Gu等人，2005年）。
Over the past three decades, China’s economic growth has been the fastest among major nations. However, its environmental degradation has also accelerated (Liu and Diamond 2008). To mitigate the degraded environment, China has been implementing large-scale conservation programs, including the Key Shelterbelt Construction Program, Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Control Program, Wildlife Conservation and Nature Reserve Development Program (Ouyang 2007), Forest Eco-Compensation Program (Ministry of Finance of China and State Forestry Administration of China 2007), the Natural Forest Conservation Program, and the Grain to Green Program (Zhang et al. 1999; Xu et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2008). The Three-River Headwater (TRH, Sanjiangyuan, Fig. 1) region is located in the core of the Tibet Plateau, China, and covers 363,000 km2 with the average altitude of 4,200 m. It is the world’s highest altitude region with the richest biodiversity, and contains China’s highest elevation and largest area wetlands (Committee 2009). The TRH region, known as China’s, and even Asia’s water tower, is the headstream of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang, the longest river in China and the third longest in the world), the Yellow River (Huang He, the second longest river in China, referred to as the cradle of the Chinese civilization), and the Lantsang River (Lancang Jiang, an international river called the Mekong River outside China). This region provides 25% of the water volume of the Yangtze River, 49% of the Yellow River, and 15% of the Lantsang River (Qin et al. 2008). In 2000, the Chinese government established the TRH reserve with an area of 152,300 km2—a land area larger than England and Wales combined, to protect this most unique and fragile ecosystem.The TRH region suffers from global warming and the explosive increase in the intensity and extent of human activities (overgrazing, poaching of plants and wildlife, gold mining, etc.)(Zhao and Zhou 2005). Rangelands are severely overgrazed, and 58% of rangelands are moderately to severely degraded. Soil erosion has deteriorated about 26.5% of the region’s total land area. Rat infestation is widespread and the number of mouse-hole per hm2 is 1,335. Draught-up days of rivers are increasing (Lu 2007). The average annual runoff decreased more than 20% during the past 50 years (Qinghai Provincial Government 2005). Nearly one-fifth of its species are threatened (Cai 2008). The environmental degradation is also causing economic losses, and even brought about so-called ‘‘ecological refugees.’’For example, Maduo County was one of the richest counties of the country in the early 1980s; however, it is now one of the 10 poorest counties, mainly due to ecological degradation caused by overgrazing (Gu et al. 2005).