Wild chimpanzee offspring exhibit adult‐like foraging patterns around the age of weaning
Wild chimpanzee offspring exhibit adult‐like foraging patterns around the age of weaning
复制标题
野生黑猩猩后代在断奶时表现出类似成人的觅食模式
DOI：
10.1002/ajpa.24267
复制
发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Murray, Carson M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lonsdorf, Elizabeth V.;Stanton, Margaret A.;Wellens, Kaitlin R.;Murray, Carson M.
目的灵长类的童期延长是一个进化难题。在这里，我们在关于灵长类动物长期发育的两个假说的背景下研究野生黑猩猩的摄食发育：需要学习的假说和昂贵的大脑假说。材料和方法我们在坦桑尼亚贡贝国家公园研究了野生黑猩猩(Pantrogrodytes SchweinFurthii)的后代。我们分析了1975年至2016年从81个后代那里收集的41个 年的观察行为数据。我们通过四种不同的衡量标准来描述出生后头10年( )的喂养发育情况：(1)喂养观察时间的比例；(2)饮食组成；(3)饮食广度；(4)饮食成熟度，以与母亲饮食的相似性来衡量。我们使用混合效应模型检验了随年龄和性别的变化，同时控制了季节。结果在前6 年，喂养时间、饮食广度和饮食成熟度随年龄增长最显著，此后没有显著变化。雄性黑猩猩和雌性黑猩猩的饮食宽度随年龄的变化不同，但在10岁之间没有差异。食物组成没有随年龄的变化而显著变化，也没有性别差异。讨论发现，随着断奶的完成，黑猩猩的后代在4~6 岁时获得了类似成人的摄食行为。因此，我们的数据不支持长期幼年期需要学习喂养技能的假说，但需要更多的数据来评估青春期黑猩猩如何以及何时能够独立于它们的母亲做出觅食决定。现有的增长数据为昂贵的大脑假说提供了支持，然而，这些假说并不一定是相互排斥的。随着更多的研究在一系列发育指标上积累了足够的数据集，我们将能够更有力地理解灵长类动物的长期发育。
ObjectivesThe prolonged juvenile period exhibited by primates is an evolutionary conundrum. Here we examine wild chimpanzee feeding development in the context of two hypotheses regarding prolonged development in primates: the needing‐to‐learn hypothesis and the expensive brain hypothesis.Material and MethodsWe studied wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) offspring at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. We analyzed 41 years of observational behavioral data collected between 1975 and 2016 from 81 offspring. We characterized feeding development in the first 10 years of life via four different measures: (1) proportion of observation time spent feeding; (2) diet composition; (3) diet breadth; and (4) diet maturity as measured by similarity to maternal diet. We used mixed effects models to examine changes with age and by sex, while controlling for season.ResultsFeeding time, diet breadth, and diet maturity exhibited the most substantial increases with age in the first 6 years, with no significant change thereafter. Males and females showed different patterns of change in diet breadth by age, but did not differ by age 10. Diet composition did not change significantly with age and did not differ by sex.DiscussionWe found that chimpanzee offspring attained adult‐like feeding behaviors between 4 and 6 years of age, concomitant with the completion of weaning. Thus, our data do not support the needing‐to‐learn feeding skills hypothesis of a prolonged juvenile period, but additional data are needed to evaluate how and when adolescent chimpanzees are able to make foraging decisions independent of their mothers. Existing data on growth provides support for the expensive brain hypothesis, however, these hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive. As more studies across taxa accumulate sufficient datasets on a range of developmental metrics, we will be able to achieve a more robust understanding of prolonged development in primates.