A longitudinal study of long-term change in contamination hazards and shallow well quality in two neighbourhoods of Kisumu, Kenya.
A longitudinal study of long-term change in contamination hazards and shallow well quality in two neighbourhoods of Kisumu, Kenya.
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DOI：
10.3390/ijerph120404275
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发表时间：
2015-04-17
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Wright J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Okotto-Okotto J;Okotto L;Price H;Pedley S;Wright J
撒哈拉以南非洲地区正在经历快速城市化，许多城市居民使用地下水，而管道供应间歇性或无法获得。本研究旨在调查肯尼亚基苏木市两个非正式住区地下水污染危害和手挖井水质的长期变化。 1999 年和 2013-2014 年绘制了建筑物、坑式厕所和水井的地图。 2002年至2004年和2014年，对51口手挖井进行了卫生风险检查和水质测试。1999年至2014年期间，坑式厕所密度有所增加，而2002年至2004年和2014年期间，水井的卫生风险评分有所增加（n = 37，Z = -1.98，p = 0.048）。 2004 年至 2014 年硝酸盐水平下降（n = 14，Z = -3.296，p = 0.001），但多变量分析表明 2004 年的高降雨量可能是造成这种情况的原因。 2004 年至 2014 年间，耐热大肠菌群数量下降，其中一个定居点的下降幅度显着。因此，1999年至2014年间，手挖井仍然是生活用水的重要来源，但在此期间污染风险有所增加。水质趋势很复杂，但硝酸盐水平与卫生风险和降雨量有关。鉴于撒哈拉以南非洲城市贫民广泛使用地下水，可以进一步完善研究方案，以监测类似环境中手挖井的污染情况。
Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing rapid urbanisation and many urban residents use groundwater where piped supplies are intermittent or unavailable. This study aimed to investigate long-term changes in groundwater contamination hazards and hand-dug well water quality in two informal settlements in Kisumu city, Kenya. Buildings, pit latrines, and wells were mapped in 1999 and 2013–2014. Sanitary risk inspection and water quality testing were conducted at 51 hand-dug wells in 2002 to 2004 and 2014. Pit latrine density increased between 1999 and 2014, whilst sanitary risk scores for wells increased between 2002 to 2004 and 2014 (n = 37, Z = −1.98, p = 0.048). Nitrate levels dropped from 2004 to 2014 (n = 14, Z = −3.296, p = 0.001), but multivariate analysis suggested high rainfall in 2004 could account for this. Thermotolerant coliform counts dropped between 2004 and 2014, with this reduction significant in one settlement. Hand-dug wells had thus remained an important source of domestic water between 1999 and 2014, but contamination risks increased over this period. Water quality trends were complex, but nitrate levels were related to both sanitary risks and rainfall. Given widespread groundwater use by the urban poor in sub-Saharan Africa, the study protocol could be further refined to monitor contamination in hand-dug wells in similar settings.
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影响因子：
3
作者：
Wright, Jim A.;Cronin, Aidan;Gundry, Stephen W.
通讯作者：
Gundry, Stephen W.
影响因子：
4.2
作者：
Wang, L.;Butcher, A. S.;Bloomfield, J. P.
通讯作者：
Bloomfield, J. P.
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
du Preez, Martella;Conroy, Ronan M.;McGuigan, Kevin G.
通讯作者：
McGuigan, Kevin G.
影响因子：
2.3
作者：
Cronin, Aidan A.;Hoadley, Alfred W.;Pedley, Steve
通讯作者：
Pedley, Steve
影响因子：
5
作者：
Power, Marcus
通讯作者：
Power, Marcus