The role of extracellular histone in organ injury.

The role of extracellular histone in organ injury.
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DOI:
10.1038/cddis.2017.52
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发表时间:
2017-05-25
影响因子:
9
通讯作者:
Ma D
Ma D
中科院分区:
生物学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Silk E;Zhao H;Weng H;Ma D

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组蛋白是一种核内阳离子蛋白,存在于所有真核细胞中,并且在不同物种中高度保守。在细胞核内,它们为染色质提供结构稳定性,并调节基因表达。组蛋白可以以三种形式释放到细胞外空间:自由、DNA结合的核小体或中性粒细胞胞外陷阱的一部分,在严重的细胞死亡后,如败血症、创伤、缺血/再灌注损伤和自身免疫性疾病,这三种形式都可以在血清中检测到。一旦进入细胞外空间,组蛋白就会作为损伤相关的分子模式蛋白,激活免疫系统,造成进一步的细胞毒性。它们与Toll样受体(TLRs)、补体和细胞膜磷脂相互作用,通过MyD88、NFκB和NLRP3炎症小体依赖通路诱导内皮和上皮细胞毒作用、TLR2/TLR4/TLR9激活和促炎细胞因子/趋化因子释放。在急性器官损伤的动物模型中,阻断组蛋白释放、中和循环中的组蛋白或阻断组蛋白信号转导的药物提供了显著的保护作用,但值得进一步研究,以指导未来的临床应用。
Histones are intra-nuclear cationic proteins that are present in all eukaryotic cells and are highly conserved across species. Within the nucleus, they provide structural stability to chromatin and regulate gene expression. Histone may be released into the extracellular space in three forms: freely, as a DNA-bound nucleosome or as part of neutrophil extracellular traps, and all three can be detected in serum after significant cellular death such as sepsis, trauma, ischaemia/reperfusion injury and autoimmune disease. Once in the extracellular space, histones act as damage-associated molecular pattern proteins, activating the immune system and causing further cytotoxicity. They interact with Toll-like receptors (TLRs), complement and the phospholipids of cell membranes inducing endothelial and epithelial cytotoxicity, TLR2/TLR4/TLR9 activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine release via MyD88, NFκB and NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pathways. Drugs that block the release of histone, neutralise circulating histone or block histone signal transduction provide significant protection from mortality in animal models of acute organ injury but warrant further research to inform future clinical applications.
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