The Third Plague Pandemic in Europe
The Third Plague Pandemic in Europe
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2018.2429
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发表时间：
2019-04-17
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Stenseth, Nils Chr
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bramanti, Barbara;Dean, Katharine R.;Stenseth, Nils Chr
鼠疫在欧洲大陆有着悠久的历史，有证据表明这种疾病可以追溯到石器时代。在第一次和第二次大流行期间，欧洲的鼠疫流行病，包括黑死病，因其广泛的死亡率和持久的社会和经济影响而臭名昭著。然而，欧洲在第三次大流行期间仍然经历了鼠疫爆发，这一流行始于中国，并在世纪末蔓延到全球。包括鼠疫在内的应报告疾病的国际记录的数字化使我们能够追溯该疾病从1899年最早报告病例到20世纪40年代消失的欧洲。利用补充文献，我们总结了欧洲鼠疫的潜在来源和疾病的传播，包括老鼠的作用。最后，我们讨论了旨在预防和干预措施的国际努力，即改善个人卫生和环境卫生，最终导致鼠疫在欧洲消失。
Plague has a long history on the European continent, with evidence of the disease dating back to the Stone Age. Plague epidemics in Europe during the First and Second Pandemics, including the Black Death, are infamous for their widespread mortality and lasting social and economic impact. Yet, Europe still experienced plague outbreaks during the Third Pandemic, which began in China and spread globally at the end of the nineteenth century. The digitization of international records of notifiable diseases, including plague, has enabled us to retrace the introductions of the disease to Europe from the earliest reported cases in 1899, to its disappearance in the 1940s. Using supplemental literature, we summarize the potential sources of plague in Europe and the transmission of the disease, including the role of rats. Finally, we discuss the international efforts aimed at prevention and intervention measures, namely improved hygiene and sanitation, that ultimately led to the disappearance of plague in Europe.