Extinction in a hyperdiverse endemic Hawaiian land snail family and implications for the underestimation of invertebrate extinction
Extinction in a hyperdiverse endemic Hawaiian land snail family and implications for the underestimation of invertebrate extinction
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夏威夷特有蜗牛家族的灭绝及其对低估无脊椎动物灭绝的影响
DOI：
10.1111/cobi.12565
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
R. Cowie
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Régnier;P. Bouchet;K. Hayes;Norine W. Yeung;C. C. Christensen;D. Chung;B. Fontaine;R. Cowie
国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）的红色名录包括自1600年以来灭绝的832种物种，这是生物多样性总量的一小部分。这一灭绝率与背景灭绝率在同一数量级，并被用来淡化生物多样性危机。无脊椎动物占生物多样性的99%，但对数量微不足道的状况进行了评估。我们评估了夏威夷陆螺科（Amastridae）的灭绝情况（325种，IUCN列出33种灭绝）。我们没有使用严格的IUCN标准，大多数无脊椎动物将被认为是数据不足，但更现实的方法比较历史收集与现代调查和专家知识。在325种Amastridae物种中，有43种最初被描述为化石或亚化石，并被认为已经灭绝。在剩下的282个物种中，我们评估了88个物种灭绝，15个物种现存，并确定179个物种灭绝的证据不足（尽管大多数可能已经灭绝）。灭绝概率的统计评估结果与我们专家对灭绝程度的评估一致。对各种灭绝情景进行建模，得出每十年有0.4 - 14.0%的阿姆斯特里德动物群灭绝。阿姆斯特里德灭绝的真实速度并不是恒定的;一般来说，它会随着时间的推移而增加。我们估计，自世纪上半叶以来，现实的平均灭绝率约为每十年5%。一般来说，海洋岛屿生物特别容易灭绝，全球速率概括并没有反映这一点。我们的方法可以用于其他无脊椎动物，特别是那些范围有限的动物（例如，岛屿），这种方法可能是唯一的方法来评估无脊椎动物足够迅速，以跟上正在进行的灭绝。
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List includes 832 species listed as extinct since 1600, a minuscule fraction of total biodiversity. This extinction rate is of the same order of magnitude as the background rate and has been used to downplay the biodiversity crisis. Invertebrates comprise 99% of biodiversity, yet the status of a negligible number has been assessed. We assessed extinction in the Hawaiian land snail family Amastridae (325 species, IUCN lists 33 as extinct). We did not use the stringent IUCN criteria, by which most invertebrates would be considered data deficient, but a more realistic approach comparing historical collections with modern surveys and expert knowledge. Of the 325 Amastridae species, 43 were originally described as fossil or subfossil and were assumed to be extinct. Of the remaining 282, we evaluated 88 as extinct and 15 as extant and determined that 179 species had insufficient evidence of extinction (though most are probably extinct). Results of statistical assessment of extinction probabilities were consistent with our expert evaluations of levels of extinction. Modeling various extinction scenarios yielded extinction rates of 0.4‐14.0% of the amastrid fauna per decade. The true rate of amastrid extinction has not been constant; generally, it has increased over time. We estimated a realistic average extinction rate as approximately 5%/decade since the first half of the nineteenth century. In general, oceanic island biotas are especially susceptible to extinction and global rate generalizations do not reflect this. Our approach could be used for other invertebrates, especially those with restricted ranges (e.g., islands), and such an approach may be the only way to evaluate invertebrates rapidly enough to keep up with ongoing extinction.