The evolutionary convergence of mid-Mesozoic lacewings and Cenozoic butterflies.
The evolutionary convergence of mid-Mesozoic lacewings and Cenozoic butterflies.
复制标题
中生代草蛉和新生代蝴蝶的进化趋同
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2015.2893
复制
发表时间：
2016-02-10
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Ren D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Labandeira CC;Yang Q;Santiago-Blay JA;Hotton CL;Monteiro A;Wang YJ;Goreva Y;Shih C;Siljeström S;Rose TR;Dilcher DL;Ren D
中生代中期kalligrammatid草蛉（脉翅目）进入化石记录1.65亿年前（马）和消失45马后。现存的凤蝶（蝶目）可能起源于80-70 Ma，在kalligrammatid灭绝很久之后。虽然保存不良kalligrammatid化石以前阻止其详细的形态和生态特征，我们研究新的，保存完好，kalligrammatid化石中侏罗世和早白垩世在中国东北地区的网站解开一个令人惊讶的阵列相似的形态和生态特征，在这两个不相关的分支。我们使用偏振光和落射荧光摄影，扫描电镜成像，能量色散光谱和飞行时间二次离子质谱研究kalligrammatid化石和他们的环境。我们将特定特征的进化映射到kalligrammatid的进化过程中，发现这些灭绝的草蛉收敛进化出可能含有黑色素的翅膀眼点，翅膀鳞片，细长的管状长鼻，类似的进食方式，以及种子植物协会，类似于蝴蝶。长吻拟草蛉生活在裸子植物与昆虫关系密切的生态系统中，并可能获得本内蒂塔类的授粉滴和花粉。这个系统后来被白垩纪中期的被子植物和它们的昆虫传粉者所取代。
Mid-Mesozoic kalligrammatid lacewings (Neuroptera) entered the fossil record 165 million years ago (Ma) and disappeared 45 Ma later. Extant papilionoid butterflies (Lepidoptera) probably originated 80–70 Ma, long after kalligrammatids became extinct. Although poor preservation of kalligrammatid fossils previously prevented their detailed morphological and ecological characterization, we examine new, well-preserved, kalligrammatid fossils from Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous sites in northeastern China to unravel a surprising array of similar morphological and ecological features in these two, unrelated clades. We used polarized light and epifluorescence photography, SEM imaging, energy dispersive spectrometry and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to examine kalligrammatid fossils and their environment. We mapped the evolution of specific traits onto a kalligrammatid phylogeny and discovered that these extinct lacewings convergently evolved wing eyespots that possibly contained melanin, and wing scales, elongate tubular proboscides, similar feeding styles, and seed–plant associations, similar to butterflies. Long-proboscid kalligrammatid lacewings lived in ecosystems with gymnosperm–insect relationships and likely accessed bennettitalean pollination drops and pollen. This system later was replaced by mid-Cretaceous angiosperms and their insect pollinators.