Biological Antagonism: A Safe and Sustainable Way to Manage Plant Diseases
Biological Antagonism: A Safe and Sustainable Way to Manage Plant Diseases
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-030-35955-3_5
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发表时间：
2020-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Ul Haq, Zia
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Iftikhar, Yasir;Sajid, Ashara;Ul Haq, Zia
生物防治是以微生物拮抗剂作为生防剂(BCA)应用于植物病原菌防治的一种可行的替代方法。植物健康在许多方面都受到各种病原体的影响。交叉保护、捕食、重寄生、诱导抗性、抗菌和竞争是BCA利用的不同机制。在集约化管理方法中成功应用生物防治需要知识。BCA可以直接在感染地点使用，也可以在每一作物年在感染地点使用，在那里它们将繁殖并传播到田间其他部分。为了将病原体数量保持在经济阈值水平以下，可以采用偶尔或一次性应用。然而，由于环境条件的不同，生物防治并不总是取得令人鼓舞的效果。为了提高BCA在现场的性能，需要对配方进行研究。在市场推广方面，应寻找适应性和田间成活率较好的菌株。生物防治工作主要集中在土传或种传病原菌的管理上。大多数含有BCA的产品被用作种子处理剂，以保护小麦、水稻、甜菜、玉米和棉花等主要作物。BCA还用于叶面喷雾，以控制霜霉病、白粉病、叶斑病和枯萎病。拮抗微生物也被用来对抗一些收获后的病原体。尽管有了所有重大改进，但这一领域仍然需要适当考虑，以开发更可靠和更稳定的配方，特别是在现场应用时。因此，需要通过探索新的微生物、利用纳米和生物技术改进它们、研究环境条件的影响和BCA的大规模生产来更多地研究创新配方。随着种植者对生物防治需求的增长，生物防治的前景是光明的。通过改进生物防治研究，有可能用BCA完全取代化学农药，提高产量、保护技术和环境，从而实现更可持续的农业。
Biological control is a viable alternatives to the use of synthetic chemicals for plant pathogens management, based on application of microbial antagonists as biological control agents (BCA). Plant health is significantly affected in many ways by a wide variety of pathogens. Cross protection, predation, hyperparasitism, induced resistance, antibiosis and competition are different mechanisms used by BCA. Knowledge is required for successful application of biocontrol in intensive management approaches. BCA can be applied at the site of infection directly or in each crop year, at sites in which they will multiply and spread to other field parts. To keep pathogen populations below economic threshold levels, occasional or one time applications can be adopted. However, due to different environmental conditions, biological control has not always produced encouraging results. To improve the BCA performance in the field, work on formulations is needed. For marketing, strains with better adaptability and field survival should be prospected. Most of biological control work has been centered on management of soil borne or seed borne pathogens. Most of the products containing BCA are applied as seed treatments for protecting major crops such as wheat, rice, sugar beet, corn and cotton. BCA are also used in foliar sprays to manage downy and powdery mildew, leaf spot and blight. Antagonistic microorganisms have also been used against few post-harvest pathogens. In spite of all significant improvements, this area still needs due consideration for developing more reliable and stable formulations, especially when for field applications. In this view, more research is required on innovative formulations by exploring novel microorganisms, using nano- and biotechnologies for their improvement, studying the impact of environmental conditions and the mass production of BCA. With a growing of biocontrol demand by growers, the future outlook of biocontrol is bright. By improving biocontrol research it is possible to completely replace chemical pesticides by BCA, improving yields, protection technologies and the environment, leading to a more sustainable agriculture.