Municipal Mobility Manager
Municipal Mobility Manager
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DOI：
10.3141/2079-08
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发表时间：
2008-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
A. Millard‐Ball
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Millard‐Ball
本文分析了将运输部门纳入碳排放限额与交易计划的五种不同选择。炼油厂或进口商一级的上游系统在管理上将很简单，但由于缺乏弹性的驾驶需求，运输排放量的减少将微乎其微。实际上，减排将被“出口”到发电和工业部门。家庭一级的下游系统将导致类似的排放变化，但会引发重大的行政和隐私问题。以汽车制造商为基础的计划可能会带来更大的行为变化，但存在复杂的管理问题。尾气排放标准似乎也取得了同样的效果。抵消制度将为更广泛的减排措施提供财政激励，包括地方政府采取的措施，如智能增长分区、停车定价和交通改善。然而，清洁发展机制的经验表明，交通补偿，特别是那些依赖于出行行为变化的交通补偿，在证明“额外性”和记录减排方面面临着重大障碍。因此，本文提出了一种由地方政府承担交通排污权的“市政机动性管理人”交易设计。这将给予它们实施抵消计划下的减排措施相同的财政奖励，但将避免方法和行政上的挑战。白皮书还认为，任何将交通运输纳入碳交易计划的设计都将是有益的，因为这将避免将排放额度过度分配给其他部门的趋势，并迫使交通运输的预期减排更加现实。
This paper analyzes five different options for incorporating the transportation sector into a carbon cap-and-trade program. An upstream system at the refinery or importer level would be administratively simple but would lead to minimal reductions in transportation emissions as a result of inelastic demand for driving. In effect, emissions reductions would be “exported” to the electricity generation and industrial sectors. A downstream system at the household level would lead to similar changes in emissions but would raise major administrative and privacy issues. Greater changes in behavior might result from a vehicle manufacturer–based scheme, but there are complex administrative issues. Tailpipe standards appear to be achieving the same result. An offset system would provide financial incentives for a wider range of abatement measures, including those undertaken by local governments such as smart growth zoning, parking pricing, and transit improvements. Empirical experience with the Clean Development Mechanism, however, suggests that transportation offsets, particularly those reliant on travel behavior changes, face significant hurdles in proving “additionality” and documenting emissions savings. This paper therefore proposes a “municipal mobility manager” trading design, under which local governments would assume responsibility for transportation emissions. This would give them the same financial incentives to implement abatement measures as under an offset scheme but would avoid the methodological and administrative challenges. The paper also argues that any design for including transportation in a carbon trading program will be beneficial because it would avoid the tendency to overallocate allowances to other sectors and force more realism in the expected emissions reductions from transportation.