The sixth mass extinction: Anthropocene and the human impact on biodiversity
The sixth mass extinction: Anthropocene and the human impact on biodiversity
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第六次大规模灭绝：人类世和人类对生物多样性的影响
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发表时间：
2014
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通讯作者：
T. Pievani
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作者：
T. Pievani
群体进化是宏观进化的主要模式。由于它们的频率、速度和全球影响，它们在地质时代多次塑造了全球生物多样性。作为微进化新达尔文过程的一个综合因素，大规模爆发可能是由于一组不同的可能原因（玄武岩超级喷发，小行星的影响，全球气候变化，大陆漂移，等等）。有人提出了一个类比。如果我们将这些独特的进化事件中灭绝的速度和数量与人类过去几个世纪和几千年的物种损失范围进行比较，我们会看到类似的趋势。然后，根据一群权威的进化论者，如爱德华。威尔逊和奈尔斯埃尔德雷奇，我们有证据表明人类正在造成所谓的“第六次大灭绝”。“人类世”也意味着智人已经成为一种占主导地位的进化力量。通过混合不同的具有重大影响力的活动（即，生境破碎化、人口过剩、化学污染、入侵物种、狩猎和捕鱼对资源的过度开发），为严重的灭绝危机创造了条件。据《自然》杂志（2011年3月）报道，第六次大规模灭绝正在发生：“我们发现，如果目前对许多物种的威胁得不到缓解，地球可能在短短几个世纪内达到这一极端”（Barnosky等人，2011年）。我们在这里讨论一个最近的模型的大规模灭绝（“完美风暴模型”），基于这样的想法，这些宏观进化模式可以由三个主要的同时的原因和条件的混合产生。
Mass extinctions are a major pattern in macroevolution. Because of their frequency, quickness and global effects, they shaped the global biodiversity several times during the geological ages. As an integrative factor with respect to microevolutionary Neo-Darwinian processes, mass extinctions are probably due to a set of different possible causes (basaltic super-eruptions, impacts of asteroids, global climate changes, continent drifts, and so on). An analogy has been proposed. If we compare the rates and amounts of extinction during those singular evolutionary events with the range of species losses over the past few centuries and millennia in human times, we see a similar trend. Then, according to a group of authoritative evolutionists like Edward O. Wilson and Niles Eldredge, we have evidence that humans are now causing the so called “Sixth Mass Extinction”. “Anthropocene” also means that Homo sapiens has become a dominant evolutionary force. Through a mix of different significantly impacting activities (i.e., fragmentation of habitats, overpopulation, chemical pollution, invasive species, over-exploitation of resources in hunting and fishing), we have produced the conditions for a serious extinction crisis. According to Nature (March 2011), the sixth mass extinction is under way: “we find that Earth could reach that extreme within just a few centuries if current threats to many species are not alleviated” (Barnosky et al. 2011). We discuss here a recent model for mass extinctions (the “Perfect Storm Model”), based on the idea that these macroevolutionary patterns could be produced by a mix of three main simultaneous causes and conditions.