The Stigma Complex.
The Stigma Complex.
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DOI：
10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145702
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发表时间：
2015-08
影响因子：
10.5
通讯作者：
Martin JK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pescosolido BA;Martin JK
自21世纪开始以来，关于成见的研究一直在继续。在概念和经验工作的基础上，最近一段时间澄清了新类型的耻辱，扩大了措施，确定了新的方向，并日益复杂的水平。标准的信念受到了挑战，污名研究和公共辩论之间的关系被重新考虑，并提出了新的政策和计划的科学基础。我们开始总结了《年度评论》上关于污名的最新文章，这些文章提醒社会学家注意概念工具，让他们了解学术界邻居的发展，并声称“复兴”早期的发现。持续（甚至加速）的进展也暴露了一个核心问题。术语和衡量标准经常互换使用，导致混乱和知识积累减少。借鉴这项工作，但重点是过去14年的耻辱研究（包括精神疾病，性取向，艾滋病毒/艾滋病和种族/民族），我们提供了一个概念的理论架构（例如，偏见，经历/接受歧视），通过污名化过程汇集在一起（即，污名化），基于四个理论前提。商标的许多特征（例如，不可信的，可隐藏的）和变体（即，污名类型和目标）成为越来越具体和多层面定义的焦点。借鉴复杂和系统科学，我们提出了一个耻辱情结，一个系统的相互关联，异质部分汇集跨学科的见解，提供一个更现实和复杂的意义上面临的挑战，研究和变革的努力。规范性影响整合框架提供了一种多层次的方法，可以针对被污名化的状况。最后，我们概述了污名研究下一阶段的挑战，目标是继续开展科学活动，提高我们对污名的理解，为减少不容忍的努力奠定科学基础。
Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, research on stigma has continued. Building on conceptual and empirical work, the recent period clarifies new types of stigmas, expansion of measures, identification of new directions, and increasingly complex levels. Standard beliefs have been challenged, the relationship between stigma research and public debates reconsidered, and new scientific foundations for policy and programs suggested. We begin with a summary of the most recent Annual Review articles on stigma, which reminded sociologists of conceptual tools, informed them of developments from academic neighbors, and claimed findings from the early period of “resurgence.” Continued (even accelerated) progress has also revealed a central problem. Terms and measures are often used interchangeably, leading to confusion and decreasing accumulated knowledge. Drawing from this work but focusing on the past 14 years of stigma research (including mental illness, sexual orientation, HIV/AIDS, and race/ethnicity), we provide a theoretical architecture of concepts (e.g., prejudice, experienced/received discrimination), drawn together through a stigma process (i.e., stigmatization), based on four theoretical premises. Many characteristics of the mark (e.g., discredited, concealable) and variants (i.e., stigma types and targets) become the focus of increasingly specific and multidimensional definitions. Drawing from complex and systems science, we propose a stigma complex, a system of interrelated, heterogeneous parts bringing together insights across disciplines to provide a more realistic and complicated sense of the challenge facing research and change efforts. The Framework Integrating Normative Influences on Stigma (FINIS) offers a multilevel approach that can be tailored to stigmatized statuses. Finally, we outline challenges for the next phase of stigma research, with the goal of continuing scientific activity that enhances our understanding of stigma and builds the scientific foundation for efforts to reduce intolerance.