A practical superconducting-microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometer for beamline and laboratory science
A practical superconducting-microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometer for beamline and laboratory science
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DOI：
10.1063/1.4983316
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发表时间：
2017-05-01
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
Swetz, D. S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Doriese, W. B.;Abbamonte, P.;Swetz, D. S.
我们描述了一系列为广泛的测量应用而设计的微热量x射线光谱仪。这种光谱仪的主要优点是，与依赖于波色散技术的传统高分辨率光谱仪相比，它在收集x射线方面的效率要高几个数量级。这一优势在传统的光子饥渴和/或涉及辐射敏感样品的应用中是最有用的。每个能量色散光谱仪都是围绕着数百个过渡边缘传感器（TESs）阵列构建的。苔丝是超导薄膜，偏向于超导到正常金属的转变。光谱仪共享一个共同的读出架构和许多设计元素，如一个紧凑的，65 mK探测器包，8列时分多路超导量子干涉器件读出，和一个无液冷低温系统，这是一个两级绝热退磁制冷机，由一个脉冲管制冷机支持。我们已经适应了这种灵活的架构，以配合各种样品室和测量系统，包括一系列的观察几何形状。有两种不同类型的TES像素被使用。第一个设计用于x射线能量低于10 keV，在5.9 keV下具有2.1 eV（半最大全宽或FWHM）的最佳能量分辨率。第二个设计用于x射线能量低于2 keV，在500 eV时具有1.0 eV （FWHM）的最佳分辨率。我们的团队现在已经在各种光源、加速器设施和实验室规模的实验中部署了7台这样的x射线光谱仪；这7台光谱仪已经完成了与应用相关的测量。另外5个这样的光谱仪将在不久的将来投入使用。我们已经将我们的TES光谱仪应用于以下测量应用：基于同步加速器的吸收和发射光谱以及能量分辨散射；强子原子的加速器光谱学与粒子诱导发射光谱学基于实验室的时间分辨吸收和发射光谱与桌面，宽带源；以及基于实验室的x射线发射线测量。在这里，我们讨论了我们的TES光谱仪的设计、构造和操作，并展示了来自各种系统的第一光测量结果。最后，由于x射线- tes技术的不断成熟，我们讨论了对阵列尺寸，能量分辨率和计数速度的改进，我们预计下一代tes - x射线光谱仪及以后的技术。
We describe a series of microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometers designed for a broad suite of measurement applications. The chief advantage of this type of spectrometer is that it can be orders of magnitude more efficient at collecting X-rays than more traditional high-resolution spectrometers that rely on wavelength-dispersive techniques. This advantage is most useful in applications that are traditionally photon-starved and/or involve radiation-sensitive samples. Each energy-dispersive spectrometer is built around an array of several hundred transition-edge sensors (TESs). TESs are superconducting thin films that are biased into their superconducting-to-normal-metal transitions. The spectrometers share a common readout architecture and many design elements, such as a compact, 65 mK detector package, 8-column time-division-multiplexed superconducting quantum-interference device readout, and a liquid-cryogen-free cryogenic system that is a two-stage adiabatic-demagnetization refrigerator backed by a pulse-tube cryocooler. We have adapted this flexible architecture to mate to a variety of sample chambers and measurement systems that encompass a range of observing geometries. There are two different types of TES pixels employed. The first, designed for X-ray energies below 10 keV, has a best demonstrated energy resolution of 2.1 eV (full-width-at-half-maximum or FWHM) at 5.9 keV. The second, designed for X-ray energies below 2 keV, has a best demonstrated resolution of 1.0 eV (FWHM) at 500 eV. Our team has now deployed seven of these X-ray spectrometers to a variety of light sources, accelerator facilities, and laboratory-scale experiments; these seven spectrometers have already performed measurements related to their applications. Another five of these spectrometers will come online in the near future. We have applied our TES spectrometers to the following measurement applications: synchrotron-based absorption and emission spectroscopy and energy-resolved scattering; accelerator-based spectroscopy of hadronic atoms and particle-induced-emission spectroscopy; laboratory-based time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy with a tabletop, broadband source; and laboratory-based metrology of X-ray-emission lines. Here, we discuss the design, construction, and operation of our TES spectrometers and show first-light measurements from the various systems. Finally, because X-ray-TES technology continues to mature, we discuss improvements to array size, energy resolution, and counting speed that we anticipate in our next generation of TES-X-ray spectrometers and beyond.